M1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Question 1

Transmitted from one host to another.

Contagious disease – easily transmitted.

transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe cause by microorganisms

Answer 1

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Question 2

DISEASES:

occur abruptly

Answer 2

Acute Disease

Question 3

DISEASES:

prone in causing permanent disability to a person

Ex. COVID-19, Elephantiasis

Answer 3

Chronic Disease

Question 4

DISEASES:

remains inactive in the body.

Inactive disease. But when the person became immunocompromise it will be activated.

Ex. Chicken fox, TB, HIV/AIDS

Answer 4

Latent Disease

Question 5

DISEASES:

infections developed after prior infections

Ex. Amebiasis

Answer 5

Secondary Infections

Question 6

DISEASES:

presence of bacteria in the blood

Answer 6

Bacteremia

Question 7

DISEASES:

presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood.

blood poisoning by bacteria.

causes inflammation.

Answer 7

Septicemia

Question 8

DISEASES:

produce and release toxins.

presence of toxins in the blood.

Answer 8

Toxemia

Question 9

DISEASES:

presence of virus in the blood

Answer 9

Viremia

Question 10

DISEASES:

occasional cases of disease. Not all people are affected. Only some.

occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.

Answer 10

Sporadic

Question 11

DISEASES:

constantly present (in a given location).

Example: Malaria

Answer 11

Endemic

Question 12

DISEASES:

outbreaks (in a given location).

Answer 12

Epidemic

Question 13

DISEASES:

worldwide outbreaks

Answer 13

Pandemic

Question 14

number of infected people during a particular time period (i.e., year)

Answer 14

Incidence

Question 15

number of diseased people at any given time.

Answer 15

Prevalence

Question 16

measurable changes.

Objective.

Answer 16

Signs

Question 17

patient complaint.

Subjective.

Answer 17

Symptoms

Question 18

study of disease

Answer 18

Pathology

Question 19

disease process

Answer 19

Pathogenesis

Question 20

colonization by microbe

pathogen is growing in or on host

Answer 20

Infection

Question 21

illness

Answer 21

Disease

Question 22

organism with potential to cause disease

Answer 22

Pathogen

Question 23

degree or intensity of pathogenicity

Answer 23

Virulence

Question 24

ability of pathogen to spread to other tissues in the body

Answer 24

Invasiveness

Question 25

**ability** of pathogen **to establish infection**

Answer 25

**Infectivity**

Question 26

**ability** of pathogen **to secrete toxins**

Answer 26

**Toxigenicity**

Question 27

**infection** in which pathogen **grows massively in the body** (causing inflammation that causes increase in permeability and blood flow), being found in blood and throughout organs. Usually leads to death.

Answer 27

**Septicemia**

Question 28

Provide **basic logical proof** that disease is caused by a microbe.

Answer 28

**KOCH’S POSTULATES (1800s)**

Question 29

Compete for living space and nutrients with pathogens. **good bacteria** microorganism that inhabit the **skin and mucous membranes of a health normal person** Ex. Lactobacillus Acidophilus ~ acidic pH in the Vagina.

Answer 29

**NORMAL MICROBIOTA/FLORA**

Question 30

# *Fluids within an Organ or Tissue:* surrounds the **embryo & fetus**

Answer 30

**Amniotic Fluid**

Question 31

Organisms that **cause disease when they enter different environment**. **Organism that can become pathogenic** following a perturbation to their host.

Answer 31

**OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS**

Question 32

# **OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS** enters break in skin

Answer 32

**Staphyloccocus Aureus**

Question 33

# **OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS** enters **peritoneal cavity** from burst appendix

Answer 33

**Escherichia coli**

Question 34

# **OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS** **colonizes intestines** when **normal flora has been killed by antibiotics**

Answer 34

**Clostridium difficile**

Question 35

# *Types of Microorganisms causing Infections:* **most common** infection-causing microorganisms.

Answer 35

**BACTERIA**

Question 36

# *Types of Microorganisms causing Infections:* **consist primarily of nucleic acid** and therefore must **enter living cells** in order **to produce infection**.

Answer 36

**VIRUSES**

Question 37

# *Types of Microorganisms causing Infections:* includes **yeast** and **mold**

Answer 37

**FUNGI**

Question 38

# *Types of Microorganisms causing Infections:* **live on other living organisms**.

Answer 38

**PARASITES**

Question 39

# *Reservoir (source)* most common source of infection

Answer 39

**People**

Question 40

# *Reservoir (source)* zoonoses

Answer 40

**Animals**

Question 41

# *Mode of Transmission (Direct Transmission)* can only occur with **three (3) feet of each other**

Answer 41

**Droplet Spread**

Question 42

# *Mode of Transmission* transmission may either be **vehicle-borne/vector-borne**

Answer 42

**Indirect Transmission**

Question 43

# *Portal of Entry* Barrierto infectious agents. breakage in this are can readily serve as portal of entry.

Answer 43

**Skin**

Question 44

# *Portal of Entry* injection bite

Answer 44

**Parenteral**

Question 45

# *Susceptible Host* person **“at increased risk”**. They are more likely than others to acquire an infection.

Answer 45

**Compromised Host**

Question 46

# *Controlling of Infectious Agents* **prophylaxis** such as antibiotics, antiviral drugs

Answer 46

**Treatment**

Question 47

# *Controlling of Infectious Agents* hygiene, disinfectants, sterilizations, antiseptics, and vaccination

Answer 47

**Prevention**

Question 48

**Chemical substances** that destroy microorganisms

Answer 48

**Antiseptics** and **Disinfectants**

Question 49

**can be applied safely to the body** E.g., on skin, ethanol, and isopropanol

Answer 49

**Antiseptics**

Question 50

**cannot be used on the body directly** but are **used to clear work surfaces, crockery, cutlery, instruments.** E.g., hypochlorite, disinfectants, phenol, aldehydes, chloroxylenol (Dettol) and iodine

Answer 50

**Disinfectants**

Question 51

**Removal of any living organisms from a non-living object** or **material**. E.g., water, operating theatre gowns. | Includes: Heat, Steam, Radiation

Answer 51

**Sterilization**

Question 52

pasteurizing milk, tinned food

Answer 52

**Heat**

Question 53

Autoclave where steam under pressure is **fed into a sealed chamber**.

Answer 53

**Steam**

Question 54

longer wavelengths have no effect shorter wavelength such as UV light results in death.

Answer 54

**Radiation**

Question 55

# *Specific Protection against Disease:* **Process of introducing vaccine** into the body t**o produce antibodies** that will protect our body against a specific infectious agent. Giving antigens from disease causing organism, either by **injection or orally** **Enables the body to respond fast enough** **Artificial active immunity**

Answer 55

**Immunization/Vaccination**

Question 56

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* DPT ## Footnote causes of D, P, and T

Answer 56

**Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus** ## Footnote **Corynebacterium Diphtheria** **Bordetella Pertussis** **Clostridium Tetani**

Question 57

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* OPV ## Footnote cause of **Poliomyelitis**

Answer 57

**Oral Polio Vaccine** ## Footnote **Polio Virus**

Question 58

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* MMR Vaccine ## Footnote causes of M, M, and R

Answer 58

**Measles, Mumps, Rubella** ## Footnote **measles virus** **mumps virus** **rubella virus**

Question 59

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* Hib Polysaccharide Vaccine ## Footnote cause of Meningitis

Answer 59

**H. influenze type B** ## Footnote **Hemophilus Influenza**

Question 60

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* reduces the chane of being and becoming cancer. | (ang gulo ng nakalagay sa PPT ni Sir T^T)

Answer 60

**Hepatitis B Vaccine**

Question 61

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:*

Question 62

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* BCG *protection against the possibility of infection from other family members* ## Footnote cause of **Tubercolosis**

Answer 62

**Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin** ## Footnote **Mycobacterium tubercolosis**

Question 63

# *Vaccine available for routine immunizations:* CDT ## Footnote causes of C, D, and T

Answer 63

**Cholera, Dysentery, and Typhoid** ## Footnote **Vibrio Cholera** **Shigella Dysenteriae** **Salmonella typhi**

Question 64

# *Specific Protection against Disease:* Administration of **drugs to prevent occurrence of infection**. E.g., *Penicillin* for gonorrhea, *chloroquine* for malaria, *INH* for tuberculosis. | **INH** ## Footnote prevents acquisition of infection

Answer 64

**Chemoprophylaxis** | **Isoniazid and Rifapentine** ## Footnote **Prophylatic Drug**

Question 65

# *Specific Protection against Disease:* **Placing mechanical barriers between** the sources of **agent and hos**t such as use of *mosquito nets, masks, or gloves*

Answer 65

**Mechanical Prophylaxis**