M1- Italy in the early 20th century

Question 1

why was there a lack of Italian identity?

Answer 1

only 2% of the population could speak Italian
very few Italians played a major role in unification
long period of political division led to lack of nationalism

Question 2

what problem did the Catholic Church have with the Liberal State?

Answer 2

only until 1890 did the Catholic Church recognise the state of Italy
the ROMAN QUESTION still played a massive factor on the minds of Catholics

Question 3

how much of Italy’s population before 1912 reliant on agriculture?

Answer 3

68%

Question 4

which area of Italy really struggled with poverty?

Answer 4

the South

Question 5

what was the position of industry in Italian society before 1912?

Answer 5

heavy industry barely existed
other than for militaryy purposes there was little manufaturers in Italy

Question 6

why was heavy industry so small in Liberal Italy?

Answer 6

the lack of natural resources meant that Italian companies had little materials to use

Question 7

why was the Liberal political system so weak?

Answer 7

the Liberals themselves had very little differences with eachother
this meant that the need for political parties to represent opposing policy was unnecessary

Question 8

what was Transformismo?

Answer 8

political manouvering
Liberals would often put aside their political differences in order to ensure that a policy was passed through government

Question 9

what made the Liberal state seem so unstable and useless?

Answer 9

the political instability surrounding government
with so many different Prime Ministers, how could an effective policy be carried out without interruption

Question 10

how many PMs between 1870 and 1922?

Answer 10

29

Question 11

what were the 3 growing forces in Italy?

Answer 11

Socialism
Catholicism
Nationalism

Question 12

why was there a lack of a conservative opposition to the liberals?

Answer 12

the Pope had banned catholics from entering Italian politics

a conservative opposition, based on catholic values, was not possible

therefore the liberal government was rarely opposed

Question 13

how much of Italy had the vote in the 1910s?

Answer 13

25%

Question 14

where was most of the economic expansion focussed on in Italy?

Answer 14

the north

Question 15

which industries were growing significantly in Giolitti Italy?

Answer 15

iron
steel
chemicals
electrical
mechanical

Question 16

which car companies were established in Giolitti Italy?

Answer 16

Fiat
Alfa Romeo

Question 17

what was an issue amongst Italian workers?

Answer 17

unemployment
food shortages
high taxation

Question 18

how many strikes between 1901 and 1911?

Answer 18

1,500

Question 19

what further exemplified the north-south divide?

Answer 19

the rapid industrialisation of the north compared to the south

Question 20

what was Southern Italy known as?

Answer 20

meridionale

Question 21

what were the issues in the south?

Answer 21

poor geographical location
poor economy
poor treatment from the north

Question 22

how long did it take for an Italian PM to visit the south?

Answer 22

32 years after unification

Question 23

what was the industrial triangle?

Answer 23

Milan
Turin
Genoa

Question 24

what were difficulties for the peasant population in the south?

Answer 24

malnutrition
poor diet
malaria
TB

Question 25

how much of the southern population were illiterate?

Answer 25

more than 50%

Question 26

did the govt try to help the south?

Answer 26

they tried to encourage industrial development in Naples but it failed

Question 27

what did the southerners resort to?

Answer 27

emigration abroad to the USA

Question 28

how many southern Italians emigrated to the USA between 1901 and 1913?

Answer 28

200,000 a year

Question 29

major reason why Italy was not a 'great power'

Answer 29

the French and British navies had control over the Mediterranean

Question 30

what was early Italian FP obsessed with?

Answer 30

regaining the irredente lands

Question 31

why could early Italy not push for irredentism?

Answer 31

Italy did not have the military means nor the diplomatic means to force A-H to give up land such as South Tyrol and Istria

Question 32

example of WEAK Italian failure with colonialism

Answer 32

Battle of Adwa March 1896 5,000 Italians dead worst ever colonial defeat by a European nation in Africa

Question 33

what caused socialism to rise in the 1890s?

Answer 33

rapid industrialisation

Question 34

who were attracted to the ideas of socialism and why?

Answer 34

the working class they were concerned about pay, working conditions and the ownership of industry

Question 35

what happened to the socialists at the Genoa Congress of 1892?

Answer 35

the socialist movement split into two: - reformists - maximalists

Question 36

what were the maximalists?

Answer 36

they looked to revolutionary means to bring about socialism in Italy - they would strike - refused to participate in elections

Question 37

what were the reformists?

Answer 37

they saw a long-term plan for socialism were willing to work with the liberals to get better conditions for workers

Question 37

when was the PSI formed?

Answer 37

1892

Question 38

what did the PSI propose?

Answer 38

universal manhood suffrage 8-hour working day income tax women's rights

Question 39

what was universal manhood suffrage?

Answer 39

the right to vote for all man aged over 21

Question 40

how many deputies did the Socialists win in the 1913 election?

Answer 40

79

Question 41

who led the PSI?

Answer 41

Fillipo Turatti

Question 42

how did the PSI spread their view?

Answer 42

were very active in spreading their message: protests lectures debates

Question 43

by 1910 how many Italians had joined socialist agricultural cooperatives?

Answer 43

218,000

Question 44

how did Giolitti look to deal with the socialists?

Answer 44

by absorbing them through giving concessions

Question 45

examples of socialist concessions made by Giolitti

Answer 45

banning of employment of under 12s (1901) limiting of working day for women to 11 hours (1902) maternity fund (1910)

Question 46

what concession did Giolitti make in 1906 to the socialists?

Answer 46

setting up of arbitration courts to deal with employer-employee disputes prevented strike actions

Question 47

was Giolitti's concessions to the socialists successful?

Answer 47

YES he had managed to win support of the reformists and keep them on his side by offering moderate social reform NO he had failed to win the support of the maximalists by compromising with the socialists he fell out of favour with the catholics and nationalists

Question 48

what was a major reason for catholic distrust with the liberals?

Answer 48

the liberal support for socialists not answering the Roman Question

Question 49

what was the catholic reaction to the threat of socialism?

Answer 49

they lifted the ban on catholics running in elections in 1909 meant that Giolitti now had the catholics to deal with in politics

Question 50

how did Giolitti look to gain catholic support?

Answer 50

through transformismo and absorption

Question 51

examples of concessions made to the catholics by Giolitti

Answer 51

divorce bill was prevented (1904) allowed religious education to be instated

Question 52

why was Giolitti's support for the catholics limited?

Answer 52

he prioritised support for the Socialists as he saw them as a bigger threat

Question 53

did Giolitti deal with the Roman Question?

Answer 53

no

Question 54

how did the catholic church grow it's political influence?

Answer 54

more deputies in parliament youth organisations

Question 55

who did Giolitti see as his largest threat?

Answer 55

the nationalists

Question 56

what were the reasons for a rise in nationalism in Italy?

Answer 56

failure of the Risorgimento defeat at Adwa in 1896 emigration of Italians abroad brought about shame which fuelled nationalist movement

Question 57

what were the aims of the nationalisst

Answer 57

antisocialist antiliberal wanted an aggressive FP reclaim irredente lands and colonies in Africa

Question 58

why was nationalism more popular in the 1910s?

Answer 58

with the rise of socialism, Italians saw the nationalists as the only ones who could stop a socialist revolution

Question 59

when was the ANI formed?

Answer 59

1910

Question 60

who was the leader of the ANI?

Answer 60

Enrico Corradini

Question 61

why did Giolitti struggle to work with the nationalists?

Answer 61

they saw Giolitti as the corrupt enemy had no intentions of working with him

Question 62

what did Giolitti do to try to gain the support of the nationalists?

Answer 62

invade Libya in 1911