M103 T1 L4

Question 1

What is the function of the vena cava?`

Answer 1

Blood enters the heart via right atrium from it and receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

Question 2

How many cusps do semi-lunar valves have?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 3

anterior: posterior pericardium
posterior: vertebrae T5-12
lateral: mediastinal pleura
superior: transverse thoracic plane

Question 4

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 4

oesophagus
thoracic aorta
azygos system of veins
thoracic duct
vagus nerve
sympathetic trunk
splanchnic nerves

Question 5

Where do the preganglionic sympathetic fibres above T5/6 ganglia leave and synapse?

Answer 5

they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and synapse at a paravertebral ganglion

Question 6

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 ganglia located?

Answer 6

they leave the spinal cord (white rami communicantes) and enter the ganglion but don’t synapse

Question 7

Where do the greater splanchnic nerves arise from?

Answer 7

the sympathetic trunk and paravertebral ganglia at level T5-9

Question 8

Where is the vagus nerve located?

Answer 8

starts at the cranial nerve

enters the superior mediastinum posterior to sterno-clavicular joint

Question 9

What does the right vagus supply?

Answer 9

most muscles associated with the pharynx and larynx

Question 10

What are the branches of the thoracic descending aorta? (BOP.SSp.Pib)

Answer 10

bronchial, oesophageal, pericardial
subcostal, superior phrenic
posterior intercostal branch

Question 11

What specific veins drain deoxygenated blood into and out of the azygos vein? (HavPivByVv)

Answer 11

hemiazygos veins
posterior intercostal veins
bronchial veins
vertebral venous plexus

Question 12

Where does the hemi-azygos vein originate from? (LALV)

Answer 12

the left ascending lumbar vein, left renal vein, or both

Question 13

Where does the thoracic duct originate from?

Answer 13

the cisterna chyli in the abdomen

Question 14

What are the three normal constrictions of the oesophagus? (CAT)

Answer 14

Cervical constriction
Abdominal constriction
Thoracic constriction

Question 15

What is the oesophagus innervated by?

Answer 15

vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk via oesophageal plexus

Question 16

What are the structures that travel from the superior mediastinum into the posterior? (TAPOV)

Answer 16

Thoracic duct
Aorta
Phrenic nerve
Oesophagus
Vagus nerve

Question 17

What are the four ganglia of the sympathetic trunk? (CTLS)

Answer 17

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

Question 18

Where are the POSTganglionic sympathetic fibres of the ganglia ABOVE T5/6 located?

Answer 18

they leave the ganglion (grey rami communicantes) and pass to the pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi

Question 19

What type of fibres and information does the sympathetic fibres carry?

Answer 19

efferent fibers - travel from the ganglion to different plexi
afferent fibres - sensory information from the thoracic viscera back to the brain

Question 20

How many types of splanchnic nerves are there?

Answer 20

5

Question 21

Where do the lesser and least splanchnic nerves arise from?

Answer 21

lesser - level T10-11

least - level T12

Question 22

Where do the splanchnic nerves travel from?

Answer 22

Descend medially from ganglia across the vertebral bodies and enter abdomen by piercing the diaphragm

Question 23

What fibres do the splanchnic nerves carry?

Answer 23

preganglionic sympathetic fibres

Question 24

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve?

Answer 24

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 25

Where does the vagus nerve travel to?

Answer 25

into the posterior mediastinum to contribute to pulmonary, cardiac and esophageal plexi

Question 26

What type of supply does the vagus nerve carry to the plexi?

Answer 26

Parasympathetic supply

Question 27

Where does the right vagus travel?

Answer 27

passes anterior to the subclavian artery and posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, entering the thorax

Question 28

Where do the hemi-azygos veins supply?

Answer 28

the left posterior intercostal veins from level T9-11

Question 29

Where and what do the hemi-azygos veins cross right to join up with?

Answer 29

the azygos and sometimes joins hemi-azygos | at T7/8

Question 30

What does the accessory hemi-azygos drain?

Answer 30

levels T5-T8 on left side

Question 31

The thoracic duct carries all lymph of the body except in which four areas on the right side? (HUNT)

Answer 31

Head, Upper limb | Neck, Thorax

Question 32

Where do the accessory hemi-azygos veins ascend up?

Answer 32

the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm | passes into the superior mediastinum

Question 33

Where does the accessory hemi-azygos drain all its lymph into?

Answer 33

the venous system at the left venous angle

Question 34

What is the name of the sympathetic region of the ANS?

Answer 34

thoracolumbar outflow

Question 35

What are the only parts of the spinal cord were sympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?

Answer 35

between T1 and L2

Question 36

What is the name of the parasympathetic region of the ANS?

Answer 36

craniosacral outflow

Question 37

What are the only parts of the spinal cord were parasympathetic neuronal cell bodies are located?

Answer 37

CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and (S2–S4)

Question 38

Where are the paravertebral chain ganglia located?

Answer 38

parallel to the vertebral bodies

Question 39

Where are the prevertebral chain ganglia located?

Answer 39

sitting anteriorly to the vertebral bodies

Question 40

What are the pharynx and larynx muscles responsible for?

Answer 40

the initiation of swallowing and phonation

Question 41

Where do the greater splanchnic nerves travel through?

Answer 41

the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity

Question 42

What vertebral levels are the greater splanchnic nerves at?

Answer 42

T5-T9

Question 43

What are the three major branches of the celiac trunk?

Answer 43

common hepatic artery left gastric artery splenic artery (CHA.LGA.SA) chalgasa

Question 44

What structure does the celiac trunk supply?

Answer 44

the foregut of the GI tract

Question 45

What arteries supply blood to the lower curvature of the stomach?

Answer 45

the left and right gastric artery

Question 46

What is the coeliac trunk otherwise known as?

Answer 46

the coeliac artery | the coeliac axis

Question 47

What is special about the common hepatic artery?

Answer 47

it is the only branch of the coeliac artery to pass to the right it is the sole arterial supply to the liver

Question 48

What are the two terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?

Answer 48

the proper hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries

Question 49

What is the splenic artery otherwise known as?

Answer 49

the lienal artery

Question 50

What is the role of the splenic artery?

Answer 50

to supply oxygenated blood to the spleen

Question 51

Where does the splenic artery branch from?

Answer 51

from the celiac artery

Question 52

What does the proper hepatic artery branch into?

Answer 52

the right and left hepatic arteries

Question 53

What do the the right and left hepatic arteries supply?

Answer 53

the right and left halves of the liver respectively

Question 54

What are the lobes of the liver?

Answer 54

the right and left lobes | the caudate and quadrate lobe

Question 55

Which is the smallest lobe of the liver?

Answer 55

the caudate lobe

Question 56

From where does the hemiazygos vein arise?

Answer 56

from the left ascending lumbar vein

Question 57

What does the hemiazygos vein drain? (llPIV)

Answer 57

the lower left posterior intercostal veins

Question 58

What is the difference between the thorax and the abdomen?

Answer 58

thorax - between the neck and abdomen (the chest) | abdomen - between the thorax and the pelvis (the belly)

Question 59

What areas are drained by veins that drain into and out of the azygos vein?

Answer 59

the posterior thoraco-abdominal walls | the viscera

Question 60

What structures join the azygos vein anterior to the body of T12?

Answer 60

the right subcostal vein. | the common trunk of the right ascending lumbar vein

Question 61

Through what structure does the hemiazygos vein enter the thorax?

Answer 61

through the aortic hiatus

Question 62

What is the cisterna chyli otherwise known as?

Answer 62

cysterna chylli | receptaculum chyli

Question 63

What three structures drain lymph into the cisterna chyli? (L.IT.Retracy)

Answer 63

Lumbar trunks Intestinal Trunk Retroaortic lymph nodes

Question 64

What substance does the cisterna chyli contain?

Answer 64

drained fatty chyle from the intestines

Question 65

What substances are contained in chyle?

Answer 65

lymph and emulsified fats / free FAs

Question 66

When and where is chyle formed?

Answer 66

in the SI during the digestion of fatty foods

Question 67

What structures take up chyle when formed in the SI?

Answer 67

lacteals

Question 68

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct originate from?

Answer 68

L2

Question 69

What is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

Answer 69

the aortic arch at the level of the sternal angle

Question 70

What is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

Answer 70

the cricoid cartilage at the level of C5/6

Question 71

What is the abdominal constriction of the oesophagus caused by?

Answer 71

the oesophageal hiatus at T10/11

Question 72

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres below T5/6 synapse?

Answer 72

in the prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia before passing to the abdominal viscera

Question 73

Where do the splanchnic nerves originate from?

Answer 73

from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax

Question 74

What plexi are the three splanchnic nerves connected to? (CAMHP)

Answer 74

celiac, aortic, mesenteric, hypogastric and pelvic plexuses

Question 75

What are the three different types of thoracic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 75

greater, lesser, and least

Question 76

Where do splanchnic nerves travel from and to?

Answer 76

from the abdominal viscera | to visceral afferent fibres