M103 T1 L1

Question 1

What are the three cavities of the thorax?

Answer 1

the left pleural cavity
the right pleural cavity
the mediastinum

Question 2

What is the function of the visceral pleura?

Answer 2

Adheres to lungs
creates smooth and slippery surface
connects parietal pleura to the hilum

Question 3

What are the four parts of the parietal pleura?

Answer 3

costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical

Question 4

What six structures are contained in the hilum of the lung?

Answer 4

main bronchus (posterior)
pulmonary artery (superior)
pulmonary veins (inferior)
bronchial arteries and veins
pulmonary plexus of nerves
lymph vessels and nodes

Question 5

What is the mechanism of pleural and pulmonary development?

Answer 5

the lungs grow in out pouches
these form lung and bronchial buds
Rapid division of airways occurs
Lungs push their way into primitive thoracic cavity 
they take the visceral pleura with them

Question 6

When do the lungs and pleura start to develop and from which germ layer?

Answer 6

4-6 week old embryo

endoderm layer

Question 7

What does the pleuropericardial membrane form?

Answer 7

the parietal pleura

the visceral pleura

Question 8

What do the pericardioperitoneal canals form?

Answer 8

the pleural cavity

Question 9

From what week is ventilation possible from?

Answer 9

26 weeks

Question 10

When does formation of new alveoli stop?

Answer 10

10 years old

Question 11

How does the initial lung look like and what does it change to look like?

Answer 11

glandular, becomes canalised - gc

Question 12

What effect does surface tension, generated by serous fluid, have on the pleural cavity?

Answer 12

provides cohesion
helps lungs be held against thoracic wall
so the lung expands as the thoracic cavity expands

Question 13

What are two examples of pleural cavity recesses?

Answer 13

costomediastinal recess

costodiaphragmatic recesses

Question 14

What are the four different parts of the parietal pleura innvervated by?

Answer 14

cervical - 1st intercostal nerve
costal - intercostal nerves
mediastinal - phrenic nerve
diaphragmatic - lower intercostals and phrenic nerves

Question 15

What is the type of innervation received by visceral pleura?

Answer 15

autonomic from pulmonary plexuses

Question 16

What are the key features of the right lung?

Answer 16

3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
2 fissures: horizontal and oblique
Larger and heavier
Shorter and wider

Question 17

What are the key features of the left lung?

Answer 17

2 lobes: superior and inferior
1 fissure: oblique
has a cardiac notch and lingula

Question 18

Which structures do the bronchial arteries supply?

Answer 18

the lungs

the visceral pleura

Question 19

What are the structures of the respiratory tree in order?

Answer 19

Trachea
Primary bronchi (main)
Secondary bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
Bronchioles
Alveolus

Question 20

What three things line the trachea?

Answer 20

mucous membrane
cilia
trachealis muscle

Question 21

What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi?

Answer 21

the right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical

Question 22

How many bronchopulmonary segments on each lung?

Answer 22

right - 10

left - 8-10

Question 23

What are the key features of bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 23

Separated by connective tissue

Surgically resectable/removable in isolation

Question 24

What are the key features of the bronchioles?

Answer 24

20-25 generations of conducting bronchioles
no cartilage in walls
terminal bronchiole gives rise to several generations of respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles characterized by out pockets of alveoli

Question 25

What are the two cell types of alveoli?

Answer 25

Type 1 pneumocytes (95%) | Type 2 pneumocytes (5%) - they secrete pulmonary surfactant

Question 26

What are the effects of the innervation on the lungs via sympathetic supply?

Answer 26

from the sympathetic trunk, bronchial musculature dilation and pulmonary vasculature constriction

Question 27

How is lymph drained from the lungs?

Answer 27

Drains towards the hilum via a series of nodes; | bronchopulmonary - tracheobronchial - paratracheal

Question 28

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 28

costal mediastinal diaphragmatic

Question 29

What are the three borders of the lungs?

Answer 29

anterior (around the costal surface) posterior inferior

Question 30

Where does the trachea run from relative to the spine?

Answer 30

C5 to T4/5

Question 31

Where are foreign objects that have been aspirated more likely to go and why?

Answer 31

Right pulmonary bronchus as it is more vertical and wider than the left

Question 32

Why are premature babies at risk of their alveoli collapsing?

Answer 32

Don't produce (enough) pulmonary surfactant to keep alveoli inflated

Question 33

Where do the left arteries branch from?

Answer 33

the descending aorta

Question 34

Where do the right arteries branch from?

Answer 34

the intercostal arteries

Question 35

Where do the bronchial veins terminate?

Answer 35

in the azygos veins

Question 36

What structures do the lung pouches form in embryology?

Answer 36

lung buds | bronchial buds

Question 37

Which cavity do the lungs push their way into during embryology?

Answer 37

the primitive thoracic cavity

Question 38

Where is the costal parietal pleura?

Answer 38

the internal rib cage

Question 39

Where is the mediastinal parietal pleura?

Answer 39

the lateral wall of mediastinum

Question 40

Where is the diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

Answer 40

superior diaphragm

Question 41

Where is the cervical parietal pleura?

Answer 41

in the cervical region

Question 42

What are the effects of irritation to the costal parietal pleura's nerves?

Answer 42

very sensitive, can produce local or referred pain to dermatome supplied by same spinal ganglia

Question 43

What are the effects of irritation to the diaphragmatic parietal pleura's nerves?

Answer 43

may refer pain to abdominal walls

Question 44

What are the effects of irritation to the mediastinal parietal pleura's nerves?

Answer 44

refers to c3-5 root of neck and over shoulder

Question 45

What are the effects of parasympathetic supply on the lungs?

Answer 45

bronchial musculature constriction pulmonary vasculature dilation via the vagus nerve