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M104 T1 > M104 T1 L3 > Flashcards

M104 T1 L3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

rU, rL, lU, lL

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

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2
Q

What are the quadrants in the first / upper row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

right hypochondriac region
epigastric region
left hypochondriac region

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3
Q

What are the four different quadrants used for?

A

to identify where pain is bc it is more general and hard to pinpoint, so using 9 quadrants wouldn’t be more useful

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4
Q

When are the nine different quadrants used?

A

when being specific

when looking at the organs in a particular area

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5
Q

What are the quadrants in the second / middle row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region

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6
Q

What are the quadrants in the third / lower row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A 
right inguinal (iliac) region
hypogastric (pubic) region
left inguinal (iliac) region
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7
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

it goes through the pylorus

it is around the level of L1

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8
Q

What are the contents of the right upper quadrant?

A 
Right lobe of liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Head of Pancreas
Hepatic flexure of colon
Part of the ascending colon
Part of the transverse colon
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9
Q

What are the contents of the right lower quadrant?

A

Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Small intestine

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10
Q

What are the contents of the left upper quadrant?

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of liver
Body of pancreas
Splenic flexure of colon
Part of the transverse colon
Part of the descending colon
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11
Q

What are the contents of the left lower quadrant?

A

Small intestine
Descending colon
Sigmoid Colon

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12
Q

What are the processes of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion 
Secretion of digestive fluids
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion 
Absorption
Defecation
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13
Q

What are the muscles in the outer layers of the intestine?

A

circular muscle

longitudinal muscle

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14
Q

What does circular muscle fibres allow for and how?

A

the circular muscle fibres contract inwards

so that the lumen constricts

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15
Q

What does longitudinal muscle fibres allow for and how?

A

the fibres runn in a longitudinal direction

this allows for that peristaltic movement

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16
Q

How does the circular muscle fibres work in conjunction with the longitudinal muscle fibres?

A

circular - makes the lumen would get smaller
longitudinal - moves the ingested material along
allows the propulsion of the material through the alimentary tract

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17
Q

What types of mucosal tissues is there?

A

sub mucosa

muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

What are the three main layers of the alimentary tract going inwards?

A

serous
muscular
mucosal

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19
Q

What is the function of the serous membrane?

A

to reduce friction so that damage to the tissues and the muscular layers is minimised

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20
Q

How does the serous layer reduce friction?

A

it secretes a lubricating fluid

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

A 
outer epithelial layer (secretory) 
inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)
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22
Q

What is the function of the mucosal membrane?

A

lines internal organs / cavities exposed to external environment
secretes mucus
involved in absorption

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23
Q

What are the divisions of the GI tract?

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
caecum
Large intestine (colon)
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24
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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25
What are the three divisions of the SI?
duodenum jejunum ileum
26
What are the three divisions of the colon?
ascending transverse descending
27
What structures are in the oral cavity or pharynx that help with digestion?
Teeth Palate Tongue Salivary glands
28
What are the functions of the tongue?
mixing taste swallowing
29
What are the functions of the pharynx?
directs food to oesophagus | blocks entry to trachea
30
What is the function of the soft palate?
it blocks nasal cavity during swallowing
31
How long is the oesophagus in cm?
25cm
32
At what intervetebral level is the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?
around T10
33
Where is the stomach located?
between the oesophagus and the SI | lies under the diaphragm and under the heart
34
What is the shape / topography of the stomach?
J-shaped
35
What are the two openings of the stomach?
cardiac orifice | pyloric orifice
36
How does the stomach participate in digestion?
mechanical digestion - uses muscle | chemical digestion - uses gastric juices
37
Why does stomach rumbling occur?
the stomach muscles are contracting and trying to move around the contents but there aren't any
38
What are the two types of omenta?
lesser | greater
39
What are the three layered muscles of the stomach?
longitudinal oblique circular
40
How long is the SI in length?
5 metres
41
Why is the SI so long?
to allow more time for the digestion and absorption
42
How long is the duodenum?
about 20-25 cm long
43
Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum
44
What is the shape / topography of the duodenum?
C shaped
45
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
superior descending horizontal ascending
46
Which ducts empty out into the duodenum?
pancreatic duct - pancreatic juices | gall bladder duct - bile
47
Where does the duodenum end?
the duodenal – jejunal flexure
48
Why do the jejunum and ileum get treated as one part?
bc it's almost impossible to find the transition from one to the other
49
How long is the jejunum?
at least 3m long
50
Where is the jejunum measured from?
from the duodenal - jejunal flexure | to the ileocaecal junction
51
How do the projections on the jejunum help them with motility?
bc one attached and one free edges | bc they're only attached at one end so they can move about so they don't get damaged
52
From where does the LI span to?
end ileum to anus
53
How long is the LI?
1.5 m length; greater cross section compared to small
54
What are the four parts of the LI from RHS to LHS?
ascending transverse descending sigmoid
55
Where are the ascending and descending parts of the LI located?
secondarily retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum
56
What is the function fo the LI
absorption of water forms faeces expelling faceces
57
How did the ascending and descending parts of the LI become secondarily retroperitoneal?
they started off intraperitoneal there were lots of the rotations and the movements in the gut this causes them to posteriorly sit in the position that they will eventually exist in (on the flank of the body) the rotations cause their peritoneum to obliterate when it comes into contact with the posterior wall
58
What is the role of sphincter muscles?
decide when substances should and shouldn't exit through the digestive tract
59
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
the midgut
60
What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
``` Jejunal arteries ileal branches arteries Middle colic arteries Right colic arteries Ileocaecal arteries ```
61
What does the Ileocaecal artery supply?
the ilium/caecum structure
62
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
the distal third of the transverse colon
63
What are the three branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic Sigmoid Superior rectal
64
Where are the superior and inferior mesenteric nodes located?
sup - towards the superior mesenteric artery branch | inf - towards the inferior mesenteric artery branch
65
What is the role of the mesenteric nodes?
drain the instestines of lymph lymph travels through lymph is constantly being checked for pathogens
66
Is somatic or autonomic innervation in charge of regulating the digestive tract?
somatic - don't have conscious control over it
67
What is the effect of para and sympathetic activity on the rate of digestion?
para - increases rate; typically stimulates digestive activities (rest and digest) sympa - decreases rate; inhibits GI secretion and motor activity, instead - GI sphincter and blood vessel contraction
68
Which nerves are responsible for the sympathetic autonomic innervation of the digestive tract?
prevertebral - splanchnic nerves | paravertebral - sympathetic trunk and ganglia
69
Which nerves are responsible for the parasympatic autonomic innervation of the digestive tract?
``` Vagus nerve (CN X) Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4) ```
70
Which glands are associated with the gut?
Liver Spleen Gall bladder Pancreas
71
What is the function of the liver?
processing ingested material | removing any toxins contained in processed material
72
Where is the spleen located?
on the left superior side of the stomach
73
Where is the gallbladder located?
under the liver
74
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the stomach
75
What are the teeth made up of?
four different types of tissue
76
What are the four different types of tissue that make up the teeth? (DECP)
dentin, enamel, cementum, pulp
77
What structures are contained in the pulp of the teeth?
connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
78
What is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel

M104 T1 (15 decks)

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