M104 T1 L2

Question 1

Which the three layers start to develop in the gastrula in embryology?

Answer 1

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 2

What part of the digestive tract does the ectoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

Answer 2

epithelium at extremities of tract (cranial and caudal)

Question 3

What part of the digestive tract does the mesoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

Answer 3

muscular layers

Question 4

What part of the digestive tract does the endoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

Answer 4

majority of gut, including most of epithelium and glands of digestive tract

Question 5

What are examples of areas where epithelium is present?

Answer 5

skin

the lining of the alimentary tract

Question 6

What are the cranial and caudal ends of the body that are lined by the epithelium?

Answer 6

cranial - the oral cavity

caudal - the anal canal

Question 7

How does the primitive gut develop?

Answer 7

the gastrula folds twice

at 4 weeks, the cranial and caudal ends are still closed by two membranes

Question 8

How does the gastrula fold when forming the primitive gut?

Answer 8

first, it folds in a cranial-caudal (head to tail)

it then folds laterally (side to side)

Question 9

What are the membranes that keep the ends of the gastrula shut at 4wks?

Answer 9

Bucco-pharyngeal (cranially)

Cloacal (caudally)

Question 10

What are the three divisions of the digestive tract?

Answer 10

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

Question 11

What structures are contained in the foregut?

Answer 11

Oesophagus
Stomach
Proximal half Duodenum
Liver
Pancreas

Question 12

What structures are contained in the midgut?

Answer 12

Distal half duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending & ¾ Transverse Colon

Question 13

What structures are contained in the hindgut?

Answer 13

¼ Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
rectum

Question 14

What structure is the primitive gut held in position by?

Answer 14

mesenteries (a structure of mesodermal origin)

Question 15

How does the mesentery hold the digestive tract of the primitive gut in position?

Answer 15

it anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 16

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

Answer 16

parietal (superficial)

visceral (deep)

Question 17

What is in between the parietal and visceral peritoneums?

Answer 17

peritoneal cavity

Question 18

What will the peritoneal cavity eventually contain?

Answer 18

peritoneal fluid

Question 19

What are the roles of the mesentry?

Answer 19

to suspend and support the instestines

works as a pathway for all of the vessels that are going to supply the alimentary track

Question 20

Why does gut rotation occur?

Answer 20

unclear cause

Question 21

In what ways does gut rotation occur?

Answer 21

by constriction of the duodenum

by midgut volvulus

Question 22

What are the effects of midgut volvulus on the gut?

Answer 22

ischaemia
necrosis
possibly death

Question 23

What are the common symptoms of midgut volvulus?

Answer 23

Vomiting
Pain
Abdominal distention

Question 24

Why does midgut volvulus cause necrosis and or ischaemia in the gut?

Answer 24

the gut is being twisted off from any blood supply, so the tissue dies

Question 25

What causes vomiting in midgut volvulus?

Answer 25

because the gut has been twisted off, the passage is obstructed so food coming one way has to go back the way it came

Question 26

What causes pain in midgut volvulus?

Answer 26

the nerves travelling through these mesenteries are being constricted which causes pain

Question 27

Which structures does the dorsal mesentry give rise to?

Answer 27

Gastrosplenic ligament Lienorenal ligament Greater omentum Mesentery of SI & LI

Question 28

Where does the ventral mesentery degenerate?

Answer 28

in the lower portions from the midgut and areas following on

Question 29

Where does the ventral mesentery persist after development?

Answer 29

in the foregut

Question 30

What structures does the ventral mesentery in the foregut develop into?

Answer 30

Ligaments around the liver Falciform ligament Lesser omentum

Question 31

What is the abdominal wall made out of?

Answer 31

anteriorly - external abdominal muscle | posteriorly - lumbar vertical column

Question 32

What muscles make up the three layers that make up the sides of the abdominal wall?

Answer 32

external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominus muscle

Question 33

What direction does the external oblique muscle run in?

Answer 33

antero inferiorly | hands in coat pockets

Question 34

What location in surface anatomy does the external oblique muscle start from?

Answer 34

they begin from the outer surface of your lower 8 ribs and then move

Question 35

Where does the external oblique muscle extend down to?

Answer 35

linea alba iliac crest pubic tubercle

Question 36

Where does the inguinal ligament attach to?

Answer 36

the pubic tubercle

Question 37

What is the difference between the shape of most tendons and that of the oblique aponeurosis?

Answer 37

tendons - look like a bundle of fibres | apo - flat sheet spanning a wide area

Question 38

What is the similarity between most tendons and that of the oblique aponeurosis?

Answer 38

have the same function - to attach the muscle to another surface

Question 39

What are the two origin points of the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 39

the lateral third of the inguinal ligament | the anterior two thirds of the iliac crest

Question 40

What are the three insertion points of the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 40

linea alba costal margin crest of pubic bone

Question 41

What direction does the internal oblique muscle run in?

Answer 41

antero superiorly

Question 42

What are the three inferior borders of the transversus abdominis muscle?

Answer 42

the lateral third of the inguinal ligament the interior surface of the lower 6 ribs the iliac crest

Question 43

Where does the transversus abdominis extend down to?

Answer 43

linea alba | crest of pubic bone

Question 44

What direction does the transversus abdominis run in?

Answer 44

transverse direction - horizontally

Question 45

What does Rectus abdominis literally mean?

Answer 45

a straight abdominal muscle

Question 46

What location does the Rectus abdominis start from?

Answer 46

pubic symphysis | crest

Question 47

Where does the Rectus abdominis extend down to?

Answer 47

xyphoid process | the 5th-7th costal cartilages

Question 48

Where is the pubic symphysis located?

Answer 48

in between the portion where the two pubic bones meet

Question 49

Which arteries supply the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

Answer 49

superior & inferior epigastric arteries | intercostal & circumflex iliac arteries

Question 50

Which nerves innvervate the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

Answer 50

the thoracoabdominal nerves

Question 51

What is the function of the external oblique muscle?

Answer 51

torsional movement of the trunk | in collaboration with the internal oblique muscle

Question 52

Which vein drains the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

Answer 52

the thoracoepigastric vein

Question 53

Where is the thoracoepigastric vein located?

Answer 53

between the lateral thoracic and superior epigastric veins

Question 54

Which nerves innvervate the rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 54

the thoracic nerves | the subcostal nerves

Question 55

What is the function of the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 55

to flex and rotate the trunk | to compress the viscera

Question 56

Why is the role of muscles in the anterior abdominal wall important physiologically?

Answer 56

they compress the viscera and increase intra abdominal pressure this is very important in coughing and defaecation every time these functions occur, the abdominal muscles are tensed

Question 57

How are the lesser and greater sacs formed?

Answer 57

AAR of organ rotation of all the viscera within the abdomen

Question 58

Where does the lesser sac sit?

Answer 58

behind the stomach

Question 59

What does the greater sac contain?

Answer 59

the rest of peritoneal cavity that isn't contained by the lesser sac

Question 60

How do the greater and lesser sac communicate information between eachother?

Answer 60

via the epiploic foramen of Winslow

Question 61

What is the lesser omentum made up of?

Answer 61

projections of the visceral peritoneum extending from the liver down to the stomach

Question 62

What is the greater omentum made up of?

Answer 62

4 layers of peritoneum extending from the stomach down to the transverse colon

Question 63

How many layers of peritoneum is the lesser omentum made up of compared to that of the greater?

Answer 63

lesser - 2 | greater - 4

Question 64

What does the inguinal canal serve as a passageway for?

Answer 64

the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve in males, the spermatic cord in females, the round ligament (of the uterus)

Question 65

What is the role of the gubernaculum?

Answer 65

they contract to move the testes from where they develop in the abdomen down into the scrotum

Question 66

Which two structures start as the same structures then differentiate into one, depending on which sex the embryo or the foetus is?

Answer 66

the labia majora | the scrotum

Question 67

What are the two openings of the inguinal canal?

Answer 67

the superficial and deep inguinal rings

Question 68

What is the genital nerve a branch of?

Answer 68

the genitofemoral nerve

Question 69

What does the genitofemoral nerve split up into?

Answer 69

the genital nerve | the femoral nerve

Question 70

How does the vasculature of males going through the inguinal canal compare to that of females?

Answer 70

males - considerably larger

Question 71

What are the two types of inguinal hernias?

Answer 71

direct - if any abdominal contents go straight through the deep ring or any other portion of the abdominal wall indirect - if any abdominal contents go through the superficial ring

Question 72

What does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 72

vas deferens gonadal vessels the cremaster muscle nerves and lymphatics

Question 73

What structure does the spermatic cord pass through and how is this significant?

Answer 73

the abdominal wall | bc it takes a sleeve / covering from each of the abdominal walls' three layers

Question 74

When might the cremaster muscle bring the testicles closer to the trunk of the body?

Answer 74

in cold weather

Question 75

What are the three layers of the abdominal wall?

Answer 75

transversalis fascia | internal & external oblique muscles

Question 76

What makes up the innermost covering of the spermatic cord?

Answer 76

the transversalis fascia

Question 77

What makes up the middle covering of the spermatic cord?

Answer 77

the internal oblique muscle passes through the spermatic cord makes up the cremasteric fascia

Question 78

What makes up the outermost covering of the spermatic cord?

Answer 78

the external oblique muscle passes through the spermatic cord makes up the external spermatic fascia

Question 79

What areas of the body are lined by epithelium?

Answer 79

oesophagus, digestive tract, stomach, duodenum

Question 80

What is the linea alba formed by?

Answer 80

the aponeurosis of the Obliqui and the aponeurosis of the Transversi

Question 81

What is the foramen of Winslow otherwise known as?

Answer 81

omental foramen | epiploic foramen

Question 82

What structure does the spermatic cord pass through the inguinal canal to access?

Answer 82

the scrotum

Question 83

What structure does the round ligament of the uterus pass through the inguinal canal to access?

Answer 83

the labia majora

Question 84

What is the range of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 84

extends from the xiphoid process and costal margins | to the pubic and iliac bones

Question 85

What is the difference between the superficial and superior epigastric arteries?

Answer 85

superficial - supplies the superficial tissue of the abdominal wall superior - supply the muscles of the abdominal wall

Question 86

What are the boundary walls of the inguinal canal?

Answer 86

anterior, posterior, superior / roof, inferior / floor walls

Question 87

What is the anterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

Answer 87

the aponeurosis of the external oblique

Question 88

What is the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

Answer 88

transversalis fascia

Question 89

What is the superior boundary of the inguinal canal?

Answer 89

transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

Question 90

What is the inferior boundary of the inguinal canal?

Answer 90

the inguinal ligament thickened medially by the lacunar ligament

Question 91

What is the inguinal ligament made up of?

Answer 91

a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis

Question 92

What is the length of the lacunar ligament?

Answer 92

about 1.25 cm

Question 93

What is the relationship between the three layers of the abdominal wall and the spermatic cord?

Answer 93

each layer contributes to the coverings of the spermatic cord