M2 Flashcards
(62 cards)
are numbers that SUMMARIZE INFORMATION RELATED TO HEALTH. Researchers and experts from government, private, and non-profit agencies and organizations collect health statistics. They use the statistics to learn about public health and health care. (Medline Plus)
HEATLH STATISTICS
is a MEASURABLE CHARACTERISTIC that describes the following:
☆the health of population (e.g., life expectancy, mortality, disease prevalence or incidence);
☆determinants of health (health behaviors, risk factors);
☆health care access, cost, quality and use.
HEALTH INDICATOR
It may be defined for a specific population, place, political jurisdiction, or geographic area. Each indicator can still be differentiated into four domains namely: health status, risk factors service coverage and health systems.
HEALTH INDICATOR
mortality by age, sex and cause, core morbidity and fertility indicators
HEALTH STTAUS INDICATORS
nutrition, environmental, behavioral, injuries and violence
RISK FACTORS
reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent, immunization, HIV, TB, malaria, NTDs, NCDs, mental health and substance abuse
SERVICE COVERAGE
health facility density and distribution, health workforce, health information, and quality and safety of care, health security capacity
HEALTH SYSTEMS
Information that is QUANTIFIABLE and is REPORTED AS NUMBER;
has value and many uses, but cannot be compared
METRIC
PUT METRICS INTO SOME KINF OF CONTEXT, usually using a ratio (per X) and designed to ensure comparability (e.g., being risk-adjusted or
standardized). Directionality may or may not exist
HEALTH INDICATOR
A health indicator that has a DESIRED DIRECTION (e.g., lower is better)
HEALTH PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
surveillance came from the french words
sur - meaning over
veiller - to watch
is the “CLOSE AND CONTINUOUS OBSERVATION of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
SURVEILLANCE
In his classic 1963 paper, _____ applied surveillance for a disease to mean “the CONTINUED WATCHFULNESS over the distribution and trends of incidence [of a disease] through the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data.”
ALEXANDER LANGMUIR
involves the measurement of health outcomes, including the occurrence of adverse clinical events, degree of therapeutic response achieved, and success in preventing or reducing morbidity and mortality.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
are the NUMBER OF CASES OF A DISEASE or other health phenomenon under study.
COUNTS
is the expression of the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ITEMS. These items may be either related to or independent of each other. Mathematically, a ___ is expressed as X:Y.
RATIO
is the expression of the RELATIONSHIP OF ONE PART TO THE WHOLE. A ______ is expressed as percent. Mathematically, a proportion is expressed as: x/y X k.
PROPORTION
is the expression of the PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE of a particular event in a defined population during a specified period of time.
RATE
ELEMENTS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
SERVICE DELIVERY
HEALTH WORKFORCE
VACCINES, MEDICINES, TECHNOLOGY
FINANCING
INFORMATION SYSTEM
LEADERSHIP / GOVERNANCE
VARIABLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
PERSON
PLACE
TIME
ORS
ORAL REHYDRATION SALT
Rates can be expressed in three forms:
- crude rate
- adjusted rate
- specific rate
is used when the true denominator or population at risk CANNOT BE DETERMINED.
INDEX
A related denominator is used as a measure of the population at risk. An index is then a _____.
PSEUDORATE
