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CHE2C > M2 Lecture 13/14/15 > Flashcards

M2 Lecture 13/14/15 Flashcards

21. Describe periodic trends and properties of elements and families. (101 cards)

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1
Q

Features of Sc

A

-some similar chemistry to Mg
-no d-electrons in ions: colorless and diamagnetic

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2
Q

Features of Titanium

A

-similar chem to C, Si
-Structurally strong, very light weight metal, making it great for bicycle frames, airplanes
-Ti02 is very white, used as a brightener in paint and paper

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3
Q

Features of Vanadium (V)

A

-Used in alloys to strengthen material
-Toxic

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4
Q

What elements are in the Vanadium Family?

A

Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum

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5
Q

What 2 elements were named after Greek mythology daughter and father? What is unique about the “daughter” element?

A

Niobium and Tantalum
Nb is a material of interest for superconductors

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6
Q

What elements are a part of the Chromium Family?

A

Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten

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7
Q

Features of Chromium

A

-1st family with multiple ox states found in nature
-derived form the greek word for color, “shroma”
-Toxic!

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8
Q

Features of Molybdenum and Tungsten

A

-biologically impt for enzymes, pigments
-tungsten (w) has a very high melting point, used for light bulb filaments and heat lamps

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9
Q

What elements make up the Manganese Family?

A

Manganese and Technetium

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10
Q

What element has the most oxidation states of the 1st row TM’s?

A

Manganese (Mn)

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11
Q

Features of Manganese

A

-Not found in nature as a pure metal – always in ore
-used as a catalyst in alkaline batteries, strenghtening component in steel, and as a cofactor to many enzymes
-permanganates (Mn with alkali metals or alkaline earths , eg KMnO4) are very strong oxidizing agents

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12
Q

Features of Technetium

A

-lightest radioactive element (a beta emitter)
-only man made
-discovered in 1937

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13
Q

Features of Iron (Fe)

A

-most impt element for modern civilization because it’s a major component of steel
-most common element on earth by mass
-biologically impt for oxygen transport in vertebrates, redox enzymes in plants and animals

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14
Q

What elements are a part of the Cobalt Family?

A

Cobalt, Rhodium, and Iridium

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15
Q

Features of Co

A

Beautiful blue color for glass, dyes
-very rare to find pure form bc it’s more common in ores with toxic and smelly byproducts
-became known as “goblin” ore

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16
Q

Features of Rhodium

A

-hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert
-very rare
-excellent metal for plating jewelry

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17
Q

Features of Iridium

A

Rare, much of it comes from outer Archeologists using it as a tracer to deveop and support theories about when asteroids hit earth

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18
Q

What elements are a part of the Nickel Family?

A

Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum

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19
Q

Features of Nickel Fam

A

-stable, less reactive metals
-All are good catalysts

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20
Q

Features of nickel

A

applications in coins, batteries, corrosion preventer

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21
Q

Features of Platinum

A

Rare, very unreactive, corrosion resistant
Applications: inert electrodes, jewelry, anti-cancer drugs

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22
Q

What elements are a part of the Copper Family?

A

Copper, silver, and gold

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23
Q

Features of Copper

A

excellent conductor of electricity, durable

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24
Q

What are some alloys that Cu forms?

A

Sn = Bronze
Zn = Brass

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25
Features of Silver
-highest thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and reflectivity -more abundant than gold but more of it is naturally occuring as ores and oxides than gold -tarnishes from contact with sulfur
26
Features of Gold
-very unreactive, even to most acids -most maleable metal -used for jewelry, currency, etc
27
What elements are a part of the Zinc Family?
Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
28
Features of Zinc
Corrosion resistant. Also toxic
29
Features of Cadium. What is Cd2+ used for?
Toxic. Batteries
30
Features of Mercury
-only metal that is liquid at room temp -toxic -application in dental fillings
31
What blocks are metals and non metals found on the period table?
s block and p block
32
Allotropes
one single element takes on diffrent structures
33
Group 1*
Alkali metals
34
Group 2*
Alkaline earth metals
35
What group would Hydrogen belong to?
Group 14 because the electronegativity of C and H are similar nad both have half filled valence shells
36
Group 13
Isosagens
37
Group 14
Tetragens
38
Group 15
Pnictogens
39
Group 16
Chalcogens
40
Group 17*
Halogens
41
Group 18*
Noble gases
42
Which element in each family has different chemistry from the rest of its family?
the lightest element with the smllest atomic radius
43
Electronegativity (increases/decreases) across the table and (increases/decreases) down the table
increases, decreases
44
Atomic Radius and Metallic Character (increases/decreases) across the table and (increases/decreases) down the table
decreases, increases
45
Features of Alkali Metals
-highly reactive (val e- is easily given up) -reacts vigorously w/ H2O to make H2 gas
46
Alkali metals reaction with oxygen to form:
oxides, peroxides, and superoxides
47
Oxides = __ bonds with oxygen // Alkali Metal charge of o?
Li Li2O
48
Peroxides = __ bonds with oxygen // Alkali Metal charge of o?
Na Na2O2
49
Superoxides = __ bonds with oxygen // Alkali Metal charge of o?
K, Cs, Rb KO2, CsO2, and RbO2
50
Features of Hydrogen
-lightest element, escapes from Earth's gravitiy -small, low, IMF's, liquifies @ 20k -non metal -location is debatable
51
Features of Alkaline Earth metals
-low densities, low meltiping point and boiling point, low solibility, forms basic oxides
52
Beryllum
smaller, harder, higher melting point, higher ionization energy, more covalent bonding, less reactive with family members, amphoteric oxide
53
Barium
Toxic, absorbs X-rays not very soluble at low concentrations -useful tool for gastromedicine
54
A + B ---> AB
Synthesis rxn
55
AB + C --> AC + B
Single Replacement
56
AB + CD --> AD + CB
Double replacement
57
Features of Boron
-not a metal -supports 6 e- in valence sjells -chemistry similar to Si -can form dimers
58
Features of Gallium
-high density liquid, low melting pt
59
Features of Carbon
can form pi bonds, basis for life allotropes: diamonds, graphite, fullerenes
60
Features of Si
Si-O bonds are stronger than Si-Si bonds basis for geo world
61
Features of Sn (tin)
Soft metal, silvery color Allotropes: white tin, grey tin, brittle tin
62
Features of Pb (lead)
Soft, toxic, low melting pt
63
Features of Lithium
important for current battery technologies and reacts with oxygen to form alkali oxides
64
Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) both have what in common?
Biologically important. Lower solubility = hard water
65
Features of Radium (Ra)
Radioactive
66
Predict the products of Sodium metal and chlorine gas
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) --> 2NaCl(s) synthesis
67
Predict the products of magnesium metal and nitrogen gas Remember that N2 has a charge of -3 since it has 3 val e-
3Mg(s) + N2(g) --> Mg3N2(s) synthesis
68
ionic compounds are usually __-
solids
69
Predict the products of Rubidium metal and H2O
2Rb(s) + 2H2O (l)--> 2RbOH(s) + H2(g) single replacement
70
Predict the products of Rubidium oxide and water.
Rb2O(s) + H2O(l) --> 2RbOH (s) synthesis
71
Predict the products of calcium metal and hydrogen with heat.
Ca(s) + H2(g) --> CaH2(s)
72
Predict the products of magnesium nitride with water.
Mg3N2(s) + 6H2O(l) --> 3Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NH3(l o
73
Features of Group 13 Isosagens
Common OS = +1, +3 Metals are soft and relatively reactive
74
Features of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
basis for various precious gems; small amounts of transition metals determine color (d-to-d transitions in action!)
75
Features of Boron (B)
not a metal supports 6e- in val can form dimers chemistry is similar to si
76
Features of Gallium (Ga)
higher density liquid,d low melting point
77
Features of Group 14 (Tetragens)
Common OS = +2, +4 (and -4, C and Si) Can form 4 covalent bonds to non-metals
78
Features of Carbon (C)
can form pi bonds; basis for life allotropes: diamonds, grpahite, and fullereness
79
Features of Silicon (Si)
Si-O bonds stronger than Si-Si bonds. Basis for geological world
80
Features of Germanium (Ge)
Rare, semiconductors
81
Features of Tin (Sn)
Soft metal, silvery color Allotropes: white, grey, and brittle tin
82
Features of Lead ( Pb)
Soft, toxic, low melting point
83
Features of Group 15 Pnictogens
Common Ox: Multiple!
84
Features of Nitrogen (N)
Stable or highly reactive (TNT) can form pi bonds: impt for dna, nitrogen fixation processes, atm rxns
85
Features of Phosphorous (P)
Larger, d-orbs available for electron bonding present in atp, adp, and also impt component of fertilizer
86
Features of Arsenic (As)
Toxic, semi metal
87
Features of Bismuth (Bi)
Heavy, not very toxic Good substitude for lead in some apps
88
Inert Pair Effect
when elements w/ several valence electrons do not lose all of them, but instead keep 2 VEs in the s orbital
89
What is Inert Pair Effect caused by?
Increasing ionization energies related to size and effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
90
Does inert pair effect occur for lighter or heavier elements in the p-block?
heavier
91
Does Aluminum experience the inert pair effect?
No because it is too light and is expected/observed with a charge of +3
92
What would be the common ox states of Tin (Sn), given that it experiences the inert pair effect?
+2 and +4; it has 2 valence electrons in the d orbital and 2 in the s orbital
93
If you expected an element to have a +6 charge and it experiences inert pair effect, what would you actually observe?
+4
94
Features of Group 16 (Chalcogens)
Common Ox: 0 (O2), -1(peroxides), and -2 (most common charge for the family)
95
Features of oxygen
Found in 2 molecules forms: O2 and O3 O3 is toxic and used for H2O treatment; also impt role in upper atm
96
Features of Sulfur (S)
Unpleasant smell many uses, including chemical weapons over 30 solid allottropes S8 makes a ring structure
97
Features of Polonium (Po)
Radioactive, lethal, also present in tobacco
98
Features of Group 17 Halogens
Common Ox: -1 Atomic form not found in nature high electronegativity, forms polar covalent bonds
99
What do halogens and oxygen form?
oxyacids
100
Features of Fluorine (F)
Small highest EN Impt for dental care
101
Features of Astatine (At)
Radioactive, longest lived isotrope lasted 8.3 hr

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