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PsychoPharmacology-2025Su > M2-neuroendocrine, kinetcs, & Immune > Flashcards

M2-neuroendocrine, kinetcs, & Immune Flashcards

chap 4-6, from class notes (102 cards)

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1
Q

What is psychoneuroendocrinology?

A

An interdisciplinary field exploring interactions between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the endocrine system

Emphasizes the role of the neuroendocrine system in health and homeostasis.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Decision making, personality, voluntary movement control, speech production, emotional regulation

Critical for higher cognitive functions.

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3
Q

What functions are associated with the parietal lobe?

A

Reading and writing, spatial orientation and navigation, touch (temperature/pain)

Important for sensory processing.

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4
Q

What is the primary role of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, language comprehension, memory, learning, and feeling

Integral for auditory processing and memory.

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5
Q

What does the occipital lobe primarily handle?

A

Vision, and color, shape, motion perception

The main center for visual processing.

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6
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Posture maintenance, motor learning, coordination

Essential for balance and fine motor skills.

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7
Q

What functions are regulated by the brain stem?

A

Balance, body temperature, vital functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure), sleep-wake regulation

Controls basic life functions.

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8
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

A key component of the body’s stress response system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands

Plays a crucial role in managing stress responses.

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9
Q

Which hormone does the hypothalamus release to initiate the stress response?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Starts the cascade for cortisol production.

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10
Q

What is cortisol’s primary function?

A

Regulates immune responses and energy metabolism during stress

Known as the primary stress hormone.

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11
Q

What triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

ACTH stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal glands.

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12
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis?

A

Regulates metabolism through thyroid hormone production

Involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Essential for metabolic regulation.

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis?

A

Regulates the reproductive system and sex hormone production

Involves gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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15
Q

What hormones do Sertoli cells produce in males?

A

Inhibin and androgen-binding protein

Support sperm development.

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16
Q

What role does oxytocin play in the body?

A

Involved in social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth

Important for emotional and social behaviors.

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

A specialized network of blood vessels for hormone signaling between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Ensures targeted hormone release.

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18
Q

What is the effect of chronic inflammation on psychiatric disorders?

A

Associated with mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and stress-related disorders

Managing inflammation may be a treatment strategy.

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19
Q

What is the relationship between stress and the immune system?

A

Stress can both suppress and activate immune function

Involves the HPA axis and glucocorticoids.

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20
Q

What is ‘sickness behavior’?

A

A cluster of symptoms like fatigue, social withdrawal, and altered sleep due to immune-induced changes in the brain

Linked to chronic stress and inflammation.

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21
Q

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

A

Cell signaling proteins crucial during immune responses

Examples include interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).

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22
Q

What is glucocorticoid resistance?

A

A condition where the body’s response to cortisol is diminished

Often observed in chronic stress and mental health conditions.

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23
Q

What is the impact of psychotropic medications on reproductive hormone levels?

A

Can affect levels of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

Important in managing hormonal imbalances.

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24
Q

What may contribute to schizophrenia according to evidence?

A

Infections or autoimmune processes during development

Genetic variations in the complement system and perinatal stress can prime microglia, leading to excessive synaptic pruning during adolescence.

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25
What is a potential therapeutic implication for neuropsychiatric disorders?
Modulating immune function may benefit neuropsychiatric disorders ## Footnote Anti-inflammatory drugs (like celecoxib) and monoclonal antibodies (like infliximab) have shown promise in reducing depressive symptoms.
26
Which neuroendocrine abnormality is most prominent in depression?
HPA axis
27
What effect does early-life stress have on the HPA axis?
Early-life stress activates the HPA axis
28
What is the state of the HPT axis in depressive disorders?
Hyperactive, with increased TSH secretion
29
Which neurotransmitter inhibits TRH secretion?
Dopamine
30
Depressive episodes are more prevalent in which demographic?
Postpartum women
31
What role does estrogen play in the HPG axis?
It promotes the synthesis, metabolism, receptor concentration, and trafficking of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
32
What effect does increased APV levels have on depression?
They have a depressionogenic effect
33
What is associated with decreased oxytocin levels?
Increased risk of depression
34
What characterizes the HPA axis in bipolar disorders?
Hyperactivated with increased ACTH response
35
What changes are observed in the HPT axis during bipolar II disorder?
Decrease in free and total T3 and TSH levels, increase in free T4
36
What is the relationship between the HPG axis and menstrual cycle dysfunction in women with bipolar disorder?
Higher rates of early-onset menstrual cycle dysfunction
37
What happens to cortisol levels in PTSD alone?
Lower cortisol levels
38
What is the effect of PTSD when present with comorbid conditions?
Cortisol levels tend to increase
39
In which demographic is PTSD more prevalent when exposed to trauma?
Women develop PTSD twice as often as men
40
What is the immune triad composed of?
Primary: bone marrow and thymus Secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, mucosal tissues Tertiary: most other organs in the body
41
What are the three types of immune responses?
* Immunoprotective responses * Immunopathological responses * Immunoregulatory responses
42
What impact do emotions have on physical health according to Asya Rolls?
Emotions have measurable physiological effects
43
What does the placebo effect demonstrate?
Positive expectations can trigger real physiological changes
44
What is one potential future therapy discussed by Asya Rolls?
Using brain stimulation to enhance immune function
45
How does stress affect immune function?
Brief periods of stress can boost immune activity; prolonged stress can harm the immune system
46
What are the key players in the body's stress response?
* Sympathetic nervous system * HPA axis
47
What are the effects of depression on the immune system?
* Decrease in lymphocytes, B cells, T cells * Increase in CD4 to CD8 T cell ratio
48
What is a significant risk factor for depression?
Early life stress
49
How do psychiatric disorders influence immune function?
Conditions like anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and PTSD can impact immune response
50
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in immune function?
Regulates immune responses via neurotransmitters and vascular changes
51
How does inflammation affect neurotransmitters?
Decreases synthesis and release, increases reuptake of monoamines
52
What is the relationship between inflammation and depression?
Depression is associated with a chronic inflammatory response
53
What can increased inflammatory markers predict?
Development of depression
54
What are the monoamine neurotransmitters mentioned that can reduce motivation?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine ## Footnote These neurotransmitters are involved in reward and motivation pathways in the brain.
55
What can inflammatory cytokines increase that affects monoamines?
Expression and function of monoamine reuptake transporters ## Footnote This leads to decreased monoamine availability in the synapse.
56
What is anhedonia?
The inability to feel pleasure ## Footnote It is often associated with depression and can result from inflammation-induced oxidative stress.
57
Which brain regions are major targets of inflammation affecting neurocircuitry?
Subcortical (striatum), prefrontal region ## Footnote These areas are involved in motivation, reward processing, and higher cognitive functions.
58
How does inflammation affect the striatum?
Decreased motivation and reward processing ## Footnote The striatum is critical for these functions.
59
What metabolic changes are associated with increased inflammation in depression?
Activation of glycolysis signaling pathways ## Footnote This leads to behavior changes related to motivation and motor activity.
60
What is the kynurenine pathway associated with in the context of depression?
Increased glutamate in the basal ganglia ## Footnote This can lead to decreased regional homogeneity and functional connectivity.
61
What role do glucocorticoids play in the body?
They are involved in the body's response to stress ## Footnote Inflammation can affect glucocorticoid receptor function, increasing suicidal ideation risk.
62
Which neurotransmitters are mediators of stress effects? Select all that apply.
Serotonin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine ## Footnote These neurotransmitters are released during a stress response.
63
Which hormones are released when the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated? Select all that apply.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropin ## Footnote Estrogen is not released in this context.
64
How can long-term stress affect immunity?
Induces high-grade chronic inflammation, Alters type-1 and type-2 cytokine balance, Increases function of immunoprotective cells, Increases antibody response ## Footnote These effects contribute to overall immune system function.
65
Who are the patients at risk for inhibited lymphocyte response? Select all that apply.
Elderly, Patients hospitalized, Patients with melancholic types of depression, Patients with psychotic types of depression ## Footnote These groups are more susceptible to immune response issues.
66
True or False: Long-term stress is protective and prepares the organism to deal with threats or challenges.
False ## Footnote Long-term stress can be detrimental rather than protective.
67
What is pharmacokinetics?
The study of how the body processes a drug ## Footnote This includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
68
What is the process of absorption in pharmacokinetics?
The process by which a drug is introduced into the body ## Footnote It becomes available for transport to its intended site of action.
69
What is the elimination process in pharmacokinetics?
The process of removing drugs from the body ## Footnote Primarily occurs through the kidneys.
70
What is zero-order absorption?
Absorption occurring at a constant rate ## Footnote Typically seen with intravenous infusion.
71
What is first-order absorption?
Absorption that occurs proportionally to the concentration of the drug ## Footnote Typically seen with oral intake.
72
What is half-life (T ½)?
The time required to clear 50% of the drug from the plasma ## Footnote It helps in determining dosing intervals.
73
What is steady state in pharmacokinetics?
The point at which the amount of drug eliminated equals the dose administered ## Footnote This results in a constant level of drug in the body.
74
What does bioavailability refer to?
The fraction of an administered drug that reaches systemic circulation ## Footnote It determines the dosage and route of administration.
75
What is the first-pass effect?
A phenomenon where a drug's concentration is reduced before reaching systemic circulation ## Footnote This can influence bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
76
What are the phases of hepatic drug metabolism?
Phase I: Conversion to polar molecules, Phase II: Conjugation with other molecules ## Footnote Phase I reactions are mediated by CYP isozymes.
77
What is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)?
Testing that measures the amount of certain medicines in the blood ## Footnote It ensures the dosage is safe and effective.
78
What is a drug receptor?
A specialized target macromolecule that binds a drug and mediates its pharmacological action ## Footnote The response magnitude is proportional to the number of drug-receptor complexes.
79
What is an agonist?
A drug that activates a receptor to produce a biological response ## Footnote It often mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance.
80
What is an antagonist?
A drug that binds to a receptor without activating it, blocking agonists ## Footnote It prevents normal stimulation of the receptor.
81
What is a partial agonist?
A drug that binds to a receptor but produces partial efficacy ## Footnote It limits the maximum effect and can block full agonists.
82
What is an inverse agonist?
A drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but produces opposite effects ## Footnote Relevant for constitutively active receptors.
83
What are allosteric modulators?
Substances that bind to a receptor site distinct from the active site ## Footnote They can enhance or reduce the effect of the agonist.
84
What is tachyphylaxis?
Rapidly diminishing pharmacodynamic response to a related dose of a drug ## Footnote This occurs over a relatively short period.
85
What is tolerance in pharmacology?
Gradual need for larger doses of a drug to achieve the same effect ## Footnote It occurs due to prolonged drug exposure.
86
What do pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study?
How genetics influence drug metabolism and response ## Footnote They enhance treatment efficacy and safety by understanding individual differences.
87
What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)?
Variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals ## Footnote They can influence how drugs interact with their targets.
88
What are extensive metabolizers (EMs)?
Individuals with normal enzyme activity leading to standard drug metabolism rates ## Footnote Their genetic profile affects drug dosing.
89
What are ultra-rapid metabolizers (URMs)?
Individuals with overactive enzyme activity leading to faster-than-normal drug metabolism ## Footnote This can impact therapeutic outcomes.
90
What are poor metabolizers (PMs)?
Individuals with inefficient enzyme activity leading to slower-than-normal drug metabolism ## Footnote This can increase the risk of side effects.
91
Which of the following is not a method by which a drug enters systemic circulation?
Pinocytosis ## Footnote It is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small vesicles.
92
Which of the following is not an example of a carrier protein that transports drugs?
Cytokines ## Footnote They do not function as carrier proteins in drug transport.
93
Alterations in pharmacokinetics can occur as a result of: Select all that apply.
Renal excretion: Creatinine clearance, Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme interactions, Malnutrition: Low albumin levels, Rate of gastric emptying ## Footnote These factors can significantly impact drug metabolism and efficacy.
94
Which of the following is not an example of a carrier protein that transports drugs from the site of absorption to the site of action?
Cytokines ## Footnote Carrier proteins include Albumin, Lipoproteins, and Globulins.
95
Alterations in pharmacokinetics can occur as a result of: Select all that apply.
* Renal excretion: Creatinine clearance * Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme interactions * Malnutrition: Low albumin levels * Rate of gastric emptying ## Footnote These factors can influence drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
96
Achieving a steady state usually takes approximately:
Five half-lives ## Footnote Steady state is reached when the rate of drug administration equals the rate of elimination.
97
Extended-release formularies slow the release of a drug from the gastrointestinal circulatory system by all of the following methods: Select all that apply.
* Enteric coating * Capsule formulation * Osmotic pumps ## Footnote These methods are designed to prolong the drug's therapeutic effect.
98
In which patient population should you caution about the use of extended-release medications?
Elderly patients with dementia ## Footnote Extended-release medications may not be suitable for patients with cognitive impairments.
99
A patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2C19, which would possibly result in which effects if a medication is taken that follows a primary metabolic pathway of CYP2C19?
Drug accumulation, potential side effects ## Footnote Poor metabolizers may not effectively process drugs, leading to increased risk of toxicity.
100
A patient is an ultrarapid metabolizer of CYP2D6, which would possibly result in which effects if a medication is taken that follows a primary metabolic pathway of CYP2D6?
Rapid metabolism, potential toxicity ## Footnote Ultrarapid metabolizers may break down drugs too quickly, reducing efficacy and increasing toxicity.
101
True or False: Tachyphylaxis requires more frequent dosing to achieve the same drug effect.
True ## Footnote Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated doses.
102
True or False: Pharmacogenetics is the drug effect on genetic variability across the entire genome.
True ## Footnote Pharmacogenetics studies how genes affect individual responses to drugs.

PsychoPharmacology-2025Su (4 decks)

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