M3-Imaging, personalized med, machine learning

Question 1

What is the primary goal of neuroimaging in psychiatry?

Answer 1

To provide insights into brain changes associated with psychiatric disorders and their treatments

Neuroimaging aims to identify targeted interventions based on neuromodulatory tools.

Question 2

What are the main goals of neuroimaging research?

Answer 2

• Define a particular brain process
• Examine changes in brain signaling during this process
• Develop a model describing how the brain implements this process

Question 3

What does functional neuroimaging measure?

Answer 3

The overall activity of neural tissue during information processing

This includes both external environmental input and internal bodily states.

Question 4

What is the bivalent hypothesis related to emotional processing?

Answer 4

Different brain systems compute positive and negative emotions separately

Question 5

What does the bipolarity hypothesis propose?

Answer 5

Brain systems increase activity for positive emotions and decrease for negative emotions, or vice versa

Question 6

What is the affective workspace hypothesis?

Answer 6

A flexible set of brain regions processes both positive and negative emotions depending on context

Question 7

What is the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project?

Answer 7

An initiative to determine relationships among different units of analysis beyond traditional diagnostic groups

Question 8

What are the structural changes observed in schizophrenia?

Answer 8

• Decreased volume in:
  
  • Left lateral temporal cortex
  • Left inferior frontal gyrus
  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Right rectal gyrus
• Increased volume in:
  
  • Left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
  • Left ventral anterior cingulate cortex
  • Right putamen
• Smaller hippocampi

Question 9

What functional changes are associated with schizophrenia?

Answer 9

Alterations in brain areas including frontotemporal regions, bilateral medial posterior cingulate/paracingulate gyrus, bilateral insula, basal ganglia, and left cerebellum

Question 10

What structural abnormalities are seen in bipolar disorder?

Answer 10

Reductions in the prefrontal, temporal, cingulate cortices, precentral gyrus, and insula

Question 11

What are the structural changes associated with depression?

Answer 11

• Enlargement of the lateral ventricles
• Increased cerebrospinal fluid volume
• Smaller volumes in:
  
  • Basal ganglia
  • Thalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Frontal lobe
  • Orbito-frontal cortex
  • Gyrus rectus

Question 12

What functional changes are observed in patients with depression?

Answer 12

• Increased activation in emotion-related areas
• Decreased activity in frontal regions
• Increased activation in response to negative stimuli
• Reduced activation in dorsal striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 13

What functional changes are associated with anxiety disorders?

Answer 13

Hyperactivity in:
* Amygdala
* Insula
* Anterior cingulate cortex
* Prefrontal cortex

Question 14

What structural changes are associated with substance use disorders?

Answer 14

Decreased gray matter in:
* Insula
* Cingulate cortex
* Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 15

What effect does psychotherapy have on brain activation?

Answer 15

Improved emotional regulation is associated with increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate gyrus/precuneus

Question 16

What is personalized medicine in psychiatry?

Answer 16

An approach that tailors diagnostic and treatment decisions for each patient by integrating clinical, biological, and environmental factors

Question 17

What are some challenges faced by personalized medicine in psychiatry?

Answer 17

• Influence of social, cultural, and experiential factors
• Limitations of DSM-5-TR
• Categorical diagnosis failing to express complexity
• Need for integration of OMICS data

Question 18

What does OMICS refer to in personalized medicine?

Answer 18

A field of study aimed at characterizing and quantifying biological molecules that indicate the structure, function, and dynamics of organisms

Question 19

What types of OMICS platforms exist?

Answer 19

• Genomics
• Proteomics
• Transcriptomics
• Metabolomics
• Epigenomics

Question 20

What are the key steps in integrating OMICS data with clinical information?

Answer 20

• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Clinical correlation
• Prediction and personalization

Question 21

How can genomics enhance understanding of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Answer 21

By identifying genetic variants associated with increased risk of MDD

Question 22

How can proteomics contribute to MDD treatment?

Answer 22

By detecting protein biomarkers that indicate disease severity or treatment response

Question 23

What role does ICT play in personalized medicine?

Answer 23

Enables discreet monitoring and data collection for psychiatric conditions

Question 24

What are AI-powered apps used for in mental health?

Answer 24

To gather and analyze data from smartphones and wearables for detecting shifts in mood and mental health status

Question 25

What is the role of machine learning in healthcare?

Answer 25

To learn principles from observations and apply them to new cases

Question 26

What are the types of machine learning models?

Answer 26

* Supervised models * Unsupervised models * Reinforcement learning

Question 27

What ethical considerations arise with AI in healthcare?

Answer 27

Auditing for fairness across different demographic groups and addressing biases in AI models

Question 28

What must society consider when deploying AI systems in healthcare?

Answer 28

Ethical considerations and uneven performance across groups ## Footnote Deployment decisions must extend beyond technical performance.

Question 29

What is the ultimate goal of using AI in healthcare?

Answer 29

To keep people healthy and out of the hospital by generating actionable insights ## Footnote This includes improving medical practice and health behaviors.

Question 30

What does personalized prescribing in psychiatry involve?

Answer 30

Tailoring treatment based on a patient’s specific characteristics ## Footnote This includes factors like pharmacogenetics.

Question 31

What does pharmacogenetics study?

Answer 31

How genetic differences affect individual responses to drugs ## Footnote It helps predict the most effective medication with the fewest side effects.

Question 32

In the context of major depressive disorder, what factors should be considered for treatment?

Answer 32

Sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, childhood maltreatment, proinflammatory markers ## Footnote SNPs and epigenetics also play a role.

Question 33

What is the role of machine learning in personalized psychiatry?

Answer 33

To analyze complex psychiatric data to identify patterns and make predictions for personalized treatment plans ## Footnote It does not eliminate the need for human psychiatrists.

Question 34

Which omics platform focuses on the entire set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome?

Answer 34

Transcriptomics ## Footnote It differs from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.

Question 35

What is the role of epigenomics in major depressive disorder?

Answer 35

Studying epigenetic modifications that may influence susceptibility to MDD or treatment outcomes ## Footnote It does not involve detecting protein biomarkers.

Question 36

What are the three primary types of machine learning?

Answer 36

* Supervised Learning * Unsupervised Learning * Reinforcement Learning ## Footnote Each type has different methodologies and applications.

Question 37

What is supervised learning?

Answer 37

Models are trained on labeled data with known outputs ## Footnote Example includes predicting currency based on weight.

Question 38

What does unsupervised learning do?

Answer 38

Finds patterns or groupings in unlabeled data ## Footnote Example: Grouping cricket players based on statistics.

Question 39

What is reinforcement learning?

Answer 39

Models learn through feedback and rewards, improving performance over time ## Footnote Example: Correcting misidentified images.

Question 40

What are the applications of machine learning?

Answer 40

* Healthcare (diagnostics and predictions) * Social media (sentiment analysis) * Finance (fraud detection) * E-commerce (customer churn prediction) * Transportation (surge pricing models) ## Footnote These applications show the versatility of ML across industries.

Question 41

What are the limitations of machine learning in psychopharmacology?

Answer 41

* Overfitting * Bias * Black box models ## Footnote These challenges require careful evaluation to ensure patient care benefits.

Question 42

What is the importance of continuous education in psychiatry?

Answer 42

To stay informed about advances in genetics, neuroimaging, and AI ## Footnote This may include formal training and attending conferences.

Question 43

What is the goal of precision psychiatry?

Answer 43

To tailor mental health care to each individual's unique biology, genetics, and life experience ## Footnote This includes the integration of various scientific fields.

Question 44

What is data-driven personalization in mental health?

Answer 44

Using vast clinical and behavioral datasets with machine learning to predict outcomes and personalize interventions ## Footnote It showcases the potential of big data in psychiatry.

Question 45

How might future psychiatric treatments evolve?

Answer 45

They may combine medications with digital tools, neuromodulation, and immunological interventions ## Footnote This reflects a nuanced understanding of mental illness.

Question 46

What role do biomarkers play in precision psychiatry?

Answer 46

They help match patients with the most effective treatments from the start ## Footnote This aims to move away from trial-and-error approaches.