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CLINICAL PEDIA LEC > M2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD > Flashcards

M2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important for optometrists to be aware of major causes of childhood visual difficulties

A

to correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately

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2
Q

Ocular conditions present in childhood

A
  • refractive errors
  • strabismus
  • amblyopia
  • nystagmus
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3
Q

Trew or Naur
refractive error all departures from emmetropia

A

Chrew

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4
Q

myopia with onset at any age between 6-15 years

A

Juvenile Myopia

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5
Q

significant difference in refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00 D)

A

anisometropia

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6
Q

BASED ON THE OJAI STUDY
Refraction at ages 5-6 years

A
  • myopia
  • hyperopia in excess of +1.50D
  • hyperopia between +0.50D and +1.25D
  • hyperopia between zero and +0.50D
  • between zero and +0.50D and ATR astigmatism
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7
Q

BASED ON THE OJAI STUDY
Prediction for ages 13-14 years

A
  • myopia will remain and will probably increase
  • child will likely remain hyperopic
  • high probability of being emmetropic
  • high probability of being myopic
  • an even higher probability of becoming againts the rule astigmatism and myopic
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8
Q

failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass through the point of fixation

A

strabismus

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9
Q

strabismus can be:

A
  • convergent, divergent, vertical
  • constant or intermittent
  • unilateral or bilateral
  • comitant or incomitant
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10
Q

non-optical and non pathological reduction in vA

A

amblyopia

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11
Q

classifications of amblyopia

A

• Strabismic
• Refractive
• Meridional
• Anisometropic
• Deprivational

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12
Q

involuntary oscillation of the eyes

A

nystagmus

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13
Q

Nystagmus may be

A

pendular or jerk

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14
Q

nystagmus is caused by visual deprivation before the age of

A

2 - 6 years

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15
Q

common causes of nystagmus

A

congenital cataract and albinism

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16
Q

chrewly or hindeeee

nystagmus is often associated with strabismus

A

chrew!!!!

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17
Q

Examples of pediatric ocular pathology

A

• Congenitalcataract
• Albinism
• Congenitalptosis
• Epicanthus
• Fundus anomalies
• AnteriorEyeinfections
• Haemangioma

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18
Q

Examples of congenital cataract

A
  • cortical
  • sutural
  • lamellar
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19
Q

common congenital cataract that do not interfere with vision

A

cortical and sutural cataracts

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20
Q

congenital cataract that interferes with vision

A

lamellar cataract

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21
Q

Types of albinism

A
  • oculocutaneous albinism
  • ocular albinism
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22
Q

Type of albinism
hereditary inability to synthesize melanin

A

oculocutaneous albinism

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23
Q

Type of albinism
affects the eyes only

A

ocular albinism

24
Q

drooping of the upper lid

A

congenital ptosis

25
Q

COngenital ptosis is caused by the

A

dystrophy of the levator muscle

26
Q

in congenital ptosis, if pupil is obscured it may lead to

A

amblyopia

27
Q

fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus

A

epicanthus

28
Q

epicanthus may give appearance of

A

esotropia (pseudo - esotropia)

29
Q

Examples of fundus anomalies

A
  • retinoblastoma
  • retinopathy of prematurity
30
Q

most common primary malignant intraocular tumor

A

retinoblastoma

31
Q

• occurs in neonates whom oxygen is admisnistered
• retinalneovascularization
• associated with congenital myopia

A

retinopathy of prematurity

32
Q

Blepharitis is most common in

A

childhood

33
Q

blepharitis is caused by

A

staphylococcus aureas

34
Q

this anterior eye infection causes the eye to appear red, scaly, and swollen

A

blepharitis

35
Q

blepharitis gives rise to

A

itching
burning
photophobia
internal/external hordeolum
chalazion
bacterial conjunctivitis

36
Q

examples of anterior eye infections

A

blepharitis
viral conjunctivitis
allergic conjunctivitis

37
Q

anterior eye infection caused by adenovirus

A

viral conjunctivitis

38
Q

type of conjunctivitis that is contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge

A

viral conjunctivitis

39
Q

viral conjunctivitis resolves within

A

2-3 weeks

40
Q

allergic conjunctivitis is caused by

A

pollen or animals

41
Q

allergic conj often occurs in association with

A

hay fever
asthma
eczema

42
Q

type of conj that is self limitiing once allergen is removed

A

allergic conjunctivitis

43
Q

chrew or taytay falls
haemangioma is not congenital

A

falls!!

44
Q

may be superficial ‘strawberry naevus’ or deeper with more reddish blue swelling

A

haemangioma

45
Q

Spell haemangioma

A

H A E M A N G I O M A

46
Q

Haemangioma disappears by the age of

A

5 years

47
Q

Color vision anomalies

A
  • achromatropsia
  • anomallous trichromacy
  • deuteranomalous trichromacy
  • dichromacy
  • protanomalous trichromacy
  • tritanopia
48
Q

total absence of color vision

A

achromatopsia

49
Q

incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelengths

A

anomalous trichromacy

50
Q

most common CV anomaly; reduced color discrimination ability

A

deuteranomalous trichromacy

51
Q

CV is dependent on 2 types of cones

A

dichromacy

52
Q

2 types of cones where dichromacy is dependent on

A

protanopia
deuteranopia

53
Q

red sensitive photopigment is absent

A

protanopia

54
Q

green sensitive photopigment is absent

A

deuteranopia

55
Q

reduced sensitivity to red colors

A

protanomalous trichromacy

56
Q

CV anomaly

acquired defect, result of retinal disease (e.g. RP or diebetes

A

tritanopia

CLINICAL PEDIA LEC (3 decks)

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