M2 Subtopic 1

Question 1

Aggregates of one or more minerals

Answer 1

Rocks

Question 2

Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

Answer 3

Igneous Rocks

Question 4

Coarse-grained, intrusive, composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Used in construction and monuments

Answer 4

Granite

Question 5

Fine-grained, extrusive, primarily composed of plagioclase and pyroxene. Used in road base and construction

Answer 5

Basalt

Question 6

Volcanic glass formed from rapid cooling of lava. Used in cutting tools and ornamental objects

Answer 6

Obsidian

Question 7

Composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar and amphibole. Used as dimension stone and in construction

Answer 7

Diorite

Question 8

Formed from the slow cooling of magma beneath the Earth’s surface

Answer 8

Intrusive Igneous Rocks (Plutonic Rocks)

Question 9

Formed from the rapid cooling of lava on or near the Earth’s surface.

Answer 9

Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Volcanic Rocks)

Question 10

Two examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocs

Answer 10

Granite
Diorite

Question 11

Two examples of extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 11

Basalt
Obsidian

Question 12

Large, visible crystals. Indicates slow cooling.

Answer 12

Coarse-grained

Question 13

Small, invisible crystals. Indicates rapid cooling

Answer 13

Fine-grained

Question 14

No crystals, very smooth. Indicates very rapid cooling

Answer 14

Glassy

Question 15

High in silica, and light-colored minerals

Answer 15

Felsic

Question 16

Low in silica, dark-colored minerals

Answer 16

Mafic

Question 17

Between felsic and mafic

Answer 17

Intermediate

Question 18

Very low in silica, very high in magnesium and iron

Answer 18

Ultramafic

Question 19

Igneous rocks can host valuable mineral deposits, such as precious metals (gold, silver), base metals (copper, lead), and gemstones

Answer 19

Mining

Question 20

Areas with extensive igneous activity, such as volcanic regions, can be geothermal energy sources, providing a renewable energy resources

Answer 20

Geothermal Energy

Question 21

Formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments, which are particles derived from the weathering and erosion of existing rocks

Answer 21

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 22

Enumerate the Formation Process of Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 22

Weathering
Erosion and Transport
Deposition
Compaction and Cementation

Question 23

Enumerate the Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 23

Clastic, Chemical, Organic

Question 24

Rocks Formed from mechanical weathering debris.

Answer 24

Clastic Sedimentary

Question 25

Composed of rounded gravel-sized particles

Answer 25

Conglomerate

Question 26

Composed of sand-sized particles, often quartz

Answer 26

Sandstone

Question 27

Composed of clay-sized particles, splits easily into thin layers

Answer 27

Shale

Question 28

Formed from the precipitation of minerals from water

Answer 28

Chemical Sedimentary

Question 29

Composed mainly of calcite, often from marine organisms

Answer 29

Limestone

Question 30

Formed from the evaporation of saline water, known as rock salt

Answer 30

Halite

Question 31

Formed from the evaporation of water containing dissolved sulfate and calcium

Answer 31

Gypsum

Question 32

Formed from the accumulation of plant or animal debris

Answer 32

Organic Sedimentary

Question 33

Formed from compressed plant material, primarily in swampy environments

Answer 33

Coal

Question 34

Composed of microscopic marine organisms (foraminifera), a form of limestone

Answer 34

Chalk

Question 35

Its grain size determines the classification

Answer 35

Clastic Texture

Question 36

Due to mineral precipitation, forms crystalline.

Answer 36

Chemical Texture

Question 37

Presence of organic material, such as plant fibers or shells.

Answer 37

Organic Texture

Question 38

Determined by the Types of Minerals and rock fragments

Answer 38

Clastic composition

Question 39

Determined by the minerals precipitated from the solution

Answer 39

Chemical Composition

Question 40

Determined by the types of organic materials present

Answer 40

Organic Composition

Question 41

Formed from the alteration of existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids

Answer 41

Metamorphic Rocks

Question 42

Formation Process of Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 42

Heat Pressure Chemically-Active Fluids

Question 43

Increases the temperature of the rock, causing minerals to recrystallize without melting

Answer 43

Heat

Question 44

Applies directed stress to the rock, leading to deformation and reorientation of minerals

Answer 44

Pressure

Question 45

Facilitate the exchange of ions, promoting new mineral growth and altering the rock's composition

Answer 45

Chemically-Active Fluids

Question 46

Occurs when rocks are heated by nearby magma or lava. Typically affects a small area surrounding the heat source. Results in non-foliated rocks due to uniform pressure from heat

Answer 46

Contact Metamorphism

Question 47

Occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces that produce high pressure and temperature. Common in mountain-building regions. Results in foliated rocks due to directed pressure from tectonic forces.

Answer 47

Regional Metamorphism

Question 48

Two types of Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 48

Foliated and Non-foliated

Question 49

Formed under directed pressure, causing minerals to align in parallel layers or bands

Answer 49

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Question 50

Formed under uniform pressure or from contact metamorphism, resulting in rocks without a layered texture

Answer 50

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Question 51

Examples of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 51

Slate Schist Gneiss

Question 52

Examples of Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 52

Marble Anthracite Quartzite

Question 53

Fine-grained, formed from shale, splits easily into thin sheets. Used in roofing and flooring

Answer 53

Slate

Question 54

Medium to coarse-grained, characterized by visible mineral grains aligned in parallel. Used as a decorative stone

Answer 54

Schist

Question 55

Coarse-grained, banded appearance, formed from high-grade metamorphism. Used in construction and as a decorative stone

Answer 55

Gneiss

Question 56

Formed from limestone, composed mainly of calcite. Used in sculpture and as a building material

Answer 56

Marble

Question 57

Formed from sandstone, composed mainly of quartz. Used in construction and as a decorative stone

Answer 57

Quartzite

Question 58

High-grade metamorphic form of coal, with a shiny appearance and high carbon content. Used as a high-quality fuel

Answer 58

Anthracite

Question 59

A continuous process of rock formation, alteration, and recycling through geological processes.

Answer 59

The Rock Cycle

Question 60

Recite the Rock Cycle.

Answer 60

Igneous to Sedimentary (Weathering/Erosion, Transportation/Deposition, Compaction/Cementation) Sedimentary to Metamorphic (Burial and Metamorphism) Metamorphic to Igneous (Melting, Cooling and Solidification)

Question 61

Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement

Answer 61

Minerals

Question 62

Enumerate the Characteristics of Minerals

Answer 62

Naturally-occuring Inorganic Solid Definite Chemical Composition Crystalline Structure

Question 63

Enumerate the Physical Properties of Minerals

Answer 63

Color, Streak, Luster, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity, Crystal Form

Question 64

The visible hue of the mineral, though not always a reliable identification property due to variations

Answer 64

Color

Question 65

The color of the mineral in powdered form, observed by rubbing the mineral on a streak plate

Answer 65

Streak

Question 66

The way a mineral reflects light (e.g., metallic, vitreous, pearly).

Answer 66

Luster

Question 67

Resistance to scratching, measured by the Mohs scale (1-10).

Answer 67

Hardness

Question 68

The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planes of weakness

Answer 68

Cleavage

Question 69

The pattern in which a mineral breaks (e.g., conchoidal, fibrous, uneven).

Answer 69

Fracture

Question 70

The density of the mineral relative to the density of water.

Answer 70

Specific Gravity

Question 71

The external shape of the mineral, reflecting its internal atomic structure

Answer 71

Crystal Form

Question 72

Special Properties Exhibited by Minerals

Answer 72

Odor, Taste, Attraction to Magnets, Fluorescence, Radioactivity, Reactivity

Question 73

The largest group of minerals contains silicon and oxygen

Answer 73

Silicates

Question 74

Include carbonates (e.g., calcite), oxides (e.g., hematite), sulfates (e.g., gypsum), halides (e.g., halite), and native elements (e.g., gold).

Answer 74

Non-Silicates

Question 75

Formation of Minerals

Answer 75

Crystallization from Magma Precipitation Changes in Pressure and Temperature Biological Processes