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BCOM > M2P Second Exam2 > Flashcards

M2P Second Exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

provides structural support; underlies epithelium (ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, bone, cartilage); establishes immunological barrier; energy storage; water storage

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2
Q

Categories of Cells in ECM

A

fixed cells, hematogenous cells

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3
Q

Fixed cells are

A

mesenchymal, fibrocytes, adipose cells

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4
Q

Hematogenous cells are

A

macrophages, mast cells, blood cells, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells

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5
Q

Extracellular matrix is made up of

A

fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular); ground substance (GAGs, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins); tissue fluid

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6
Q

Three fiber types

A

Collagen; elastin; reticular (collagen III)

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7
Q

What composes ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs/Polysaccharides); proteoglycans; adhesive glycoproteins

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8
Q

What is GAGs composition/function?

A

long chain of unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharides – acid sugar/amino sugar – Consists of an overall negative charge (basophilic); attract and bind cations, high H2O creates turgor i.e. resistance to compression

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9
Q

Describe components/function of: Fibronectin

A

dimer of identical subunits bound end-to-end; links cells and ground substance; involved in embryological cell migration binds: integrins, collagen, heparin sulfate PG

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10
Q

Describe components/function of: Laminin

A

trimer of intertwined polypeptides, forms cross-shaped protein; links: cells, fibers & ground substance; found almost exclusively in basal lamina. Has specific binding domains binds: GAGs, proteoglycans, & other adhesive glycoproteins (integrins, heparin sulfate PG, collagen IV, entactin)

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11
Q

Describe components/function of: Entactin

A

binds laminin and collagen IV

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12
Q

Describe components/function of: Tenascin

A

large hexamer, binds fibronectin & transmembrane PGs

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13
Q

Describe components/function of: Chondronectin

A

like fibronectin, binds collagen II, integrins & GAGs

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14
Q

Describe components/function of: Osteonectin

A

like fibronectin, binds collagen I, integrins & PGs, binds calcium (hydroxyapatite) to collagen I in bone

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15
Q

Describe components/function of: Integrins

A

heterodimeric integral membrane proteins, divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn) required to activate binding Binds: GAGs and proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, other integrins; intracellular domain binds: cytoskeletal elements COOH terminal binds intermediary proteins Vinculin & Talin bind to actin

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16
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen I

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (and EDS with type III)

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17
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen II

A

Collagenopathy

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18
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen III

A

EDS – Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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19
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen IV

A

Alport Syndrome

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20
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen VII

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

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21
Q

What pathology is associated with: Collagen XVII

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

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22
Q

What Collagen fiber is affected in Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A

Collagen I

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23
Q

What collagen fiber is affected in Collagenopathy

A

Collagen II

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24
Q

What collagen fiber is affected in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Collagen III

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25
What collagen fiber is affected in Alport Syndrome
Collagen IV
26
What collagen fiber is affected in Epidermolysis Bullosa
Collagen VII
27
What collagen fiber is affected in Bullous Pemphigoid
Collagen XVII
28
Which collagen fiber has a globular shape?
Collagen type IV
29
What are the periods of human development?
Early development; Embryonic Period; Fetal Period
30
When does early development occur?
Fertilization through week 2
31
When does Embryonic period occur?
Weeks 3-8
32
When does Fetal period occur?
Weeks 9 through birth (approx 38)
33
Define Teratogenesis/Teratogen
mechanism by which birth defect form – Teratogen is a substance that causes birth defects
34
Which period of development has the highest mortality rate for embryos?
Early development; fertilization to week 2 (approx 25-50 percent loss)
35
Which period has the most significatn risk for development of embryonic birth defects?
weeks 3-8; Embryonic period
36
Surge of what hormone causes Ovulation?
Luetinizing Hormone (LH)
37
What two hormones build up during the ovarian cycle?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH)
38
What hormone will be released by? What cells are involved?
human chorionic gonadotrophin released by the implanted conceptus: syncitiotrophoblasts
39
What hormone maintains the uterine wall? How is this caused?
Feed back loop; hCG stimulates the corpus leutum to release Progesterone
40
What is involved in capacitation?
"Take off your coat and stay awhile" Uterine enzymes aid removal in the glycoproteins and seminal proteins on the spermatozoa head
41
What are the phases of fertilization?
Phase 1: Penetration of Corona Radiata; Phase 2: Penetration of Zona Pellucida; Phase 3: Fusion of the Sperm and Oocyte membranes
42
What does Fusion of the oocyte and sperm membranes cause?
Acrosomal events: including hardening of the zona pellucida to prevent poly-spermia
43
When does the Oocyte finish meiosis II?
Between penetration of zona pellucida and fusion of the spermatzoa/oocyte membranes
44
At what stage does the zygote lose its zona pellucida? What does it become?
Morula; Morula becomes a Blastocyst
45
What cells make up a Blastocyst? What days of development does this occur?
Embyoblasts and Trophoblasts; Day 4
46
What is the process of implantation called?
Embryonic Rolling
47
What cell layers make up an embryoblast? What days does this occur?
Epiblast, hypoblast, cytotrophoblast, synctiotrophoblast, Amnioblasts - days 8-9
48
What is the orientation of the epiblast cells? What does it give rise to?
Dorsal; amnioblast (placenta)
49
What is the orientation of the hypoblast cells?
Ventral, yolk sac, embryo
50
What does the Embryobalst comprised of? What days does this occur?
Trophoblastic Lacunae, endoderm cells, mesoderm cells, ectoderm cells, exocelomic cavity, exocoelomic membrane, extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm, extraembryonic cavity; Week 2
51
What occurs in preeclampsia?
The syncytiotrophoblast cells are unable to invade into the maternal sinusoids and cause the bursting of the spiral arteries to form the placenta
52
What are the 4 fetal membranes?
Amnion, yolk sac, allantois, placenta
53
What is the one ectopic pregnancy condition that can be a viable fetus?
Placenta Previa; implantation over the cervix (high risk pregnancy) usually requires bed rest of the mother
54
What condition(s) are classified by "cluster of grapes"?
Hydatidiform Mole/Partial Moles - consisting of water filled cysts.
55
How are hydatidiform moles created?
1. Resulting from fertilization of an empty Oocyte - male pronucleus replicates and there is significant trophoblastic cells without embriocytes 2. Partial Moles - poly spermia from poor corital reaction
56
What is persistent trophoblastic disease?
The hydatidiform mole is not completely removed and remains invasive proliferative tissue (creates choriocarcinomas)
57
When does gastrulation occur?
Week 3 of development
58
When does the bilaminar disc become a trilaminar disc?
Gastrulation
59
How are the three layers formed?
During gastrulation, there is a signal from the primitive node for cells to migrate through the primitive streak and form: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, & Endoderm
60
What is the most common teratoma in infancy?
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
61
What forms the musculoskeletal system?
Mesoderm
62
What forms the GI system?
Endoderm
63
What forms the neural and skin layers?
Ectoderm
64
What is the most important factor for viability of the fetus at birth?
The presence of surfactant in the lungs
65
When does surfactant start to be secreted into the lungs?
Weeks 21-28 of development
66
What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?
Decrease the surface tension so they lungs can breath air
67
What are the four basic tissue types?
Connective tissues, neuronal tissue, epithelia, muscle
68
What are the changes that occur in adaptive processes?
Hypertrophy, hypotrophy, metaplasia, hyperplasia
69
What are the characteristics of hypertrophy?
Growth of the cell
70
What is an example of hypertrophy?
Pregnant uterus, left ventricular hypertrophy
71
What are the charactertistics of atrophy?
Cell compensates by getting smaller
72
What is an example of atrophy?
Muscles wasting away with malnutrition/decreased stimulation
73
What are the characteristics of metaplasia?
Cell changes its function
74
What is an example of metaplasia?
Pulmonary alveolar tissue from cigarette smoke
75
What are the characteristics of hyperplasia?
Cell will proliferate (grow in number)
76
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Liver regeneration, endometrial, lactation
77
Which period of development has the highest mortality rate for embryos?
Early development; fertilization to week 2 (approx 25-50 percent loss)
78
Which period has the most significatn risk for development of embryonic birth defects?
weeks 3-8; Embryonic period
79
Surge of what hormone causes Ovulation?
Luetinizing Hormone (LH)
80
What two hormones build up during the ovarian cycle?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH)
81
What hormone will be released by? What cells are involved?
human chorionic gonadotrophin released by the implanted conceptus: syncitiotrophoblasts
82
What hormone maintains the uterine wall? How is this caused?
Feed back loop; hCG stimulates the corpus leutum to release Progesterone
83
What is involved in capacitation?
"Take off your coat and stay awhile" Uterine enzymes aid removal in the glycoproteins and seminal proteins on the spermatozoa head
84
What are the phases of fertilization?
Phase 1: Penetration of Corona Radiata; Phase 2: Penetration of Zona Pellucida; Phase 3: Fusion of the Sperm and Oocyte membranes
85
What does Fusion of the oocyte and sperm membranes cause?
Acrosomal events: including hardening of the zona pellucida to prevent poly-spermia
86
When does the Oocyte finish meiosis II?
Between penetration of zona pellucida and fusion of the spermatzoa/oocyte membranes
87
At what stage does the zygote lose its zona pellucida? What does it become?
Morula; Morula becomes a Blastocyst
88
What cells make up a Blastocyst? What days of development does this occur?
Embyoblasts and Trophoblasts; Day 4
89
What is the process of implantation called?
Embryonic Rolling
90
What cell layers make up an embryoblast? What days does this occur?
Epiblast, hypoblast, cytotrophoblast, synctiotrophoblast, Amnioblasts - days 8-9
91
What is the orientation of the epiblast cells? What does it give rise to?
Dorsal; amnioblast (placenta)
92
What is the orientation of the hypoblast cells?
Ventral, yolk sac, embryo
93
What does the Embryobalst comprised of? What days does this occur?
Trophoblastic Lacunae, endoderm cells, mesoderm cells, ectoderm cells, exocelomic cavity, exocoelomic membrane, extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm, extraembryonic cavity; Week 2
94
What occurs in preeclampsia?
The syncytiotrophoblast cells are unable to invade into the maternal sinusoids and cause the bursting of the spiral arteries to form the placenta
95
What are the 4 fetal membranes?
Amnion, yolk sac, allantois, placenta
96
What is the one ectopic pregnancy condition that can be a viable fetus?
Placenta Previa; implantation over the cervix (high risk pregnancy) usually requires bed rest of the mother
97
What condition(s) are classified by "cluster of grapes"?
Hydatidiform Mole/Partial Moles - consisting of water filled cysts.
98
How are hydatidiform moles created?
1. Resulting from fertilization of an empty Oocyte - male pronucleus replicates and there is significant trophoblastic cells without embriocytes 2. Partial Moles - poly spermia from poor corital reaction
99
What is persistent trophoblastic disease?
The hydatidiform mole is not completely removed and remains invasive proliferative tissue (creates choriocarcinomas)
100
When does gastrulation occur?
Week 3 of development
101
When does the bilaminar disc become a trilaminar disc?
Gastrulation
102
How are the three layers formed?
During gastrulation, there is a signal from the primitive node for cells to migrate through the primitive streak and form: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, & Endoderm
103
What is the most common teratoma in infancy?
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
104
What forms the musculoskeletal system?
Mesoderm
105
What forms the GI system?
Endoderm
106
What forms the neural and skin layers?
Ectoderm
107
What is the most important factor for viability of the fetus at birth?
The presence of surfactant in the lungs
108
When does surfactant start to be secreted into the lungs?
Weeks 21-28 of development
109
What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?
Decrease the surface tension so they lungs can breath air
110
What are the four basic tissue types?
Connective tissues, neuronal tissue, epithelia, muscle
111
What are the changes that occur in adaptive processes?
Hypertrophy, hypotrophy, metaplasia, hyperplasia
112
What are the characteristics of hypertrophy?
Growth of the cell
113
What is an example of hypertrophy?
Pregnant uterus, left ventricular hypertrophy
114
What are the charactertistics of atrophy?
Cell compensates by getting smaller
115
What is an example of atrophy?
Muscles wasting away with malnutrition/decreased stimulation
116
What are the characteristics of metaplasia?
Cell changes its function
117
What is an example of metaplasia?
Pulmonary alveolar tissue from cigarette smoke
118
What are the characteristics of hyperplasia?
Cell will proliferate (grow in number)
119
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Liver regeneration, endometrial, lactation

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