M30- Influenza Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is the largest burden on healthcare?
Influenza
what do many dental procedures have the potential to generate and what is the significance of this?
potential to generate aerosols so risk assessment and effective risk-management actions must be taken to avoid aerosol exposure
what should remain available throughout a pandemic?
Emergency dental care should remain available throughout a pandemic, although non- urgent services may be reduced if there are shortages of staff and specialist consumables
why is emergency dental care important in a pandemic?
there may be opportunities to use the assessment and treatment skills of dental practitioners or other health professionals to support the wider delivery of healthcare in a pandemic
Name some viral respiratory infections.
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Rhinovirus (100+ serotypes)
- Parainfluenza (1-4)
- Human metapneumovirus
- Coronaviruses (4 types)
- Adenoviruses
- Enteroviruses
Name 2 severe viral infections.
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
* Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Where does SARS and MERS originate from?
Transmission between animal and human
what are the two types of flu?
Type A and B
what percentages of young and old develop the flu?
5% adults and 20% of children
when are the death rates high in relation to flu?
secondary infections after having the flu
What populations does flu cause the most deaths?
elderly and young
Why is flu considered seasonal?
seasonal temperate climates (temperature, more cases in winter )
Which type of flu has a pandemic threat?
Type A
Describe the clinical presentation of the flu.
- Droplet infection
- Incubation period 48 hours (24-96)
- Abrupt onset
- High Fever, headache, photophobia, cough, shivering, muscle aches, malaise.
- Inflammation of upper respiratory tract & trachea
- Weakness & fatigue persists (weeks) – depression
In what time do acute symptoms resolve?
7-10 days (biphasic)
what flu is more severe?
Flu A is more severe than flu B
why is flu hard to treat?
abrupt onset
where are the principal sites of viral replication in the respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi & pulmonary alveoli
when does the damage to respiratory tract and inflammatory response peak?
48 hours
what is the acute phase to the respiratory tract?
Desquamation of epithelium of trachea & bronchi
– Reports that in areas only basal layer of cells remain
what occurs to the respiratory tract after the acute phase?
Edema & congestion of submucosa
– Desquamation of epithelial cells
what happens to the respiratory tract in the later stages?
Later stages mononuclear inflammatory cells observed, initially no neutrophils detected
what type of secondary infection occurs?
bacterial
What is the mortality of the flu?
• General figure of 600 deaths due to complications of flu annually in UK
– Infection extends to lower respiratory tract
– Hemorrhagic bronchitis to pulmonary edema associated with death in 48 hours
– Infants & elderly
– Chronic pulmonary or cardiac disease
– Diabetics
