Single celled eukaryotes (Pro)sta) 0.01 mm – 0.05 mm Lack a cell wall Many free living aerobes Rare obligate anaerobes oKen include parasi)c species that inhabit GI tract of animals Some parasi)c protozoa that live in blood have evolved use of simplified respira)on system that does not involve mitochondria.

M31- Protozoa Flashcards by Emma Williams

Describe protozoa.

Single celled eukaryotes (Pro)sta)
0.01 mm – 0.05 mm
Lack a cell wall
Many free living aerobes
Rare obligate anaerobes oKen include parasi)c species that inhabit GI tract of animals
Some parasi)c protozoa that live in blood have evolved use of simplified respira)on system that does not involve mitochondria.

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what are characteristics of protozoa?

-Nuclear envelope
>present

-Transcription & Translation >different compartements

-Histone proteins (DNA)
>present

-Cytoskeleton
>present

-Mitochondria
>present or absent

-Chloroplasts
>present

-Cell Wall
>variety, absent in some

-Genetic recombination
>fertilisation and meiosis

-Nutrition
>photosynthesis or heterotroph

-Motility
>Cilia,flagella,ameoboid,contractile fibrils

-Multicellularity
>normally absent

-Nervous system
some forms primitive stimuli system

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Name 3 protozoan diseases of man.

Malaria
Toxoplasma
Oral protozoa

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Name 3 protozoa of the oral cavity.

Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas vaginalis
Entamoeba gingivalis

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what can T.vaginalis STD cause?

–  Adverse pregnancy
–  Cervical neoplasia
–  Atypical Pelvic inflammatory disease
–  Infertility
–  Urethritis, prostitis, epydidymitis,
–  Cervical cancer, prostrate cancer
–  Increased risk of HIV seroconversion

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what broad diseases does T.vaginalis and T.tenax cause?

– Broncho-pulmonary infections (P. carinii)

– Associated with lung disease & underlying cancers

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What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

– Metronidazole
– Single 2g oral dose
– 500mg twice daily for 7 days

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what is associated with poor oral hygiene?

Trichomonas tenax

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how much does Trichomonas tenax occur in periodontal disease?

21%

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What can entamoeba gingival do?

Can ingest microbes, leukocytes, & dead organic matter

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Describe the disease of entamoeba gingivalis.

– Specific association with progressive periodontal disease in immunocompromised.
– Isolated from pulmonary abscesses
– Reports of acute osteomyolitis of the mandible

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how much does entamoeba gingvalis occur in periodontal disease?

26 patients periodontal disease 27-69% carriage, 17 health 0%

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what is the infection of EntAmeobosis?

Cysts shed into warm moist environment, swallowed & excyst to trophozoite

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what can an amoebic dysentery or colitis cause?

–  Fulmina)ng dysentery
–  Bloody diarrhoea
–  Abdominal pain
–  Ameobic lesions (burrowed into intes)nal wall)
–  Blood stream in severe episodes
–  Liver abscess

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What is the treatment for EntAmeobosis?

Treatment with metronidazole & chloroquinone

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What can cause cryptosporidiosis?

• Cryptosporidium sp
• Poor hygiene, faeces,
contamination etc.

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?

– 3-12 day incubation
– Watery diarrhoea
– Stomach cramps
– High temp & loss of appetite – 12 to 14 days (up to a month)

What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?

treatment largely concerns ensuring rehydration

How is malaria transmitted?

mosquito (zoonosis)

what is malaria cause by?

Protozoa:

– Plasmodium falciparum

what is distribution of malaria also that of?

anopheles misquito

where do mosquito live?

Lives in/on stagnant water in hot countries

What gender of mosquito are the vectors and why?

– the male does not feed on blood
– supports the produc)on of eggs
– usually bite between sunset & sunrise

What are the stages of the life cycle of malaria?

Infected mosquito releases sporozoites
Sporozoites travel to the liver where they enter hepatocytes & divide for 10 days. (+ 30 minutes)
Merozoites released
Merozoites infect erythrocytes
48hr development within erythrocyte
Remodelling of erythrocyte & expression of surface proteins, produce knobs & mauers cleKs

what happens in the first 24 hours of the blood stage?

- 1000s of merozoites generated in liver & released (+ 10 days) - Blood stage; Asexual reproductive cycle - Attachment & invasion develop in parsitophprous vacuole (PV). - >24 hrs mature stage membrane bound structures appears in cytoplasm & knobbly deformations on membrane

what happens at 48 hrs of the blood stage?

- 48hrs infected red cell ruptures 16-32 merozoites released - Degradation of haemobglobin & crystals appear in digestive vacuole, 02 carriage reduced onset of fever & chills

What are the initial symptoms of malaria?

- Initial symptoms similar to common flu. - High temperature/fever occurs in hours from ini)al feeling of being ill. - Often fever subsides for a few hours & returns (successive waves). - Temperature fluctua)on oKen accompanied by a number of symptoms

what are temperature fluctuation accompanied by (malaria)?

* Headaches * Chills * Diarrhoea * Muscular Pain * Lethargy * Sickness * Coughing Fits * Abdominal pains

You should Seek Immediate attention before progression to what? (malaria)

- Delerium, confusion, acting erractically - Fits & Seizures that can end in coma - Death; anemia &/or restricted blood flow to the brain

how is malaria prevented? (body or environmental)

Mosquito nets, long sleeve clothes & insect repellents

How is malaria prevented with drugs?

– Atovaquone & Proguanil – Chloroquine – Deoxycline

what type of treatment can cure malaria?

prompt and adequate

Name the types of treatment for malaria.

-Ouinine -Chloroquinine -Combination therapy: > Drug resistance so no longer used in isolation >Multi-drug resistance in SE Asia is a major concern

what is a toxoplasma?

Obligate intracellular parasite

Describe the toxoplasma life cycle.

• Life Cycle oKen involves rodents : – Oocysts eaten by rat – Form cysts in rats CNS – Persist in brain – generates a_rac)on to cat urine & feline pheromones – Eaten by cat enters feline intes)ne – Reproduces sexually (cat only known host for this stage) – Sheds 100,000,000 immature oocysts in faeces – Oocysts mature in 2 days and become infective

Describe the disease of toxoplasmosis.

– Asymptomatic to severe & fatal (rare) – Acute disease ;2 week flu like symptoms – Occasional acute infections in healthy (e.g.eye,encephali)s) – Immunocompromised – Primary disease occurring. during pregnancy & reaching developing foetus

What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?

Pyrimethamine & Sulphadiazine (doesn't eliminate cystic stage)

what is the developing view of the toxoplasmosis disease?

– Infection has associations with Risk Taking Activities,personality alterations – Slower reflexes( musclecysts?) – Psychiatric disorders,depression & schizophrenia – Can influence your personality and on a wider scale & the entire culture?

Summary slide.

* Protozoa/protista * Parasitic eukaryotic infections of man * Oral protozoa & STD, significance/treatment * Zoonotic diseases * Plasmodium/Malaria * Toxoplasma most successful parasite * Many more parasites not easy to treat