M4 Cerebrum and Diencephalon Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
is the largest part of the brain
A
cerebrum
2
Q
Can be divided into two parts:
- Diencephalon (Central Core)
- Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres)
A
Cerebrum
3
Q
Superior surface is concealed by the fornix and is formed by the roof of the third ventricle. This layer consists of an ependymal layer.
A
Diencephalon
4
Q
- Lateral surface is bounded by the internal capsule of white matter.
- It consists of nerve fiber that connect the cerebral cortex with the other parts of the brain stem and spinal cord
A
Diencephalon
5
Q
- Medial surface is formed in its superior part by the medial surface of the thalamus and its inferior part by the hypothalamus.
- They are separated by hypothalamic sulcus
A
Diencephalon
6
Q
4 parts of Diencephalon
A
- Thalamus
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
- Hypothalamus
7
Q
- The largest part of the diencephalon
- A.K.A “Sensory relay”
- influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain.
- Ovoid in shape
A
Thalamus
8
Q
5 thalamic nuclei
A
- Anterior Nuclei Group
- Nuclei of the midline
- Medial Nuclei
- Lateral Nuclear Mass
- Posterior Nuclei
9
Q
- Forms the anterior tubercle of the thalamus
- Bordered by the limbs of the internal lamina
- Receives fibers from mamillary bodies
A
Anterior Nuclei Group
10
Q
- Found just beneath the lining of the Third Ventricle and in interthalamic adhesions
- They connect hypothalamus and central periaqueductal gray matter
- The centromedian nucleus connects with the cerebellum and corpus striatum
A
Nuclei of the Midline
11
Q
These include most of the gray substance medial to internal medullary lamina; the intralaminar nuclei as well as the dorsomedial nucleus, which projects to the frontal cortex.
A
Medial Nuclei
12
Q
- Ventral Anterior Nucleus: connects corpus striatum
- Ventral Lateral Nucleus: projects cerebral motor complex
- Dorsolateral Nucleus: projects to parietal cortex
- Ventroposterolateral Nucleus: relays sensory input from the body
- Ventroposteromedial Nucleus: relays sensory input from face
A
Lateral Nucleus Mass
13
Q
- Pulvinar Nucleus: it connects to parietal and temporal cortices
- Medial Geniculate Nucleus: receives acoustic fibers from the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus.
- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: major nucleus for vision.
A
Posterior Nucleus
14
Q
- Sensory Nuclei
- Motor Nuclei
- Limbic Nuclei
- Multimodal Nuclei
- Nonspecific Nuclei
A
5 Functional Nuclear Groups
15
Q
Includes:
- Ventral posterior group (VPL and VPM)
- Lateral and medial geniculate bodies
- Modifies signals from body, face, retina, cochlea and taste receptors (except OLFACTION)
A
Sensory Nuclei
16
Q
Includes:
- Ventral anterior and lateral
- convey motor information from the cerebellum and globus pallidus to the precentral motor cortex.
- Sensory nuclei is also called motor relay nuclei
A
Motor Nuclei
17
Q
- Interposed between the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
- The dorsomedial nucleus receives input from the olfactory cortex and amygdala regions
A
Limbic Nuclei
18
Q
Includes:
- pulvinar, posterolateral, and dorsolateral
- have connections with the association areas in the parietal lobe (Sensory)
A
Multimodal Nuclei
19
Q
Includes:
- Intralaminar, reticular nuclei and centrum medianum
- No known details
- Some say it relates to cortical motor areas, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the cerebellum
A
Non-specific Nuclei
20
Q
- Is the most inferior part of the diencephalon
- Plays a central role in the control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
- Holds the pituitary gland via the infundibulum
A
Hypothalamus
21
Q
- Optic chiasm
- Tuber cinereum
- Mammillary bodies
- Infundibulum
- Medial Hypothalamic area
- Lateral hypothalamic area
A
Hypothalamus
22
Q
- Eating
- Autonomic Function
- Body Temperature
- Water Balance
- Anterior Pituitary Function
- Circadian Rhythm
- Expression of Emotion
A
7 parts of Hypothalamus
23
Q
- Lateral hypothalamus: evoked eating behavior
- Ventromedial Nucleus: stops hunger and inhibits the feeding center when a high blood glucose level is reached after food intake.
- Damage to feeding center of Ventromedial nucleus may lead to anorexia (loss of appetite)
A
Eating
24
Q
evoked eating behavior
A
Lateral hypothalamus
25
stops hunger and inhibits the feeding center when a high blood
glucose level is reached after food intake
Ventromedial Nucleus
26
- Posterolateral and Dorsomedial areas: function as a sympathetic activating region
- Anterior area: parasympathetic activating region.
Autonomic Nervous System
27
- Related to autonomic response
- A fall in body temperature, for example, causes vasoconstriction.
- A rise in body temperature results in sweating and cutaneous vasodilation.
- hypothalamic set point: <37C
Body Temperature
28
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus influence vasopressin secretion within the posterior pituitary
- Stimulated by blood osmolarity
- Thirst Center: located near the supraoptic nucleus.
Water Balance
29
in hypothalamus influence vasopressin secretion within the posterior pituitary
Osmoreceptors
30
Failure of Osmoreceptors or damage to posterior pituitary (vasopressin) leads to Diabetes Insipidus where there is polyuria and polydipsia
Water Balance
31
The functions of the body such as temperature, corticosteroid levels, oxygen consumption are influenced by light intensity changes that have a circadian (day-to-day) rhythm
Circadian Rythm
32
It is involved in the expression of rage, fear, aversion, sexual behavior, and pleasure.
Expression of emotion
33
Landmarks:
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Body of Luys
Subthalamus
34
- Is a small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
- Houses the pineal gland
Epithalamus
35
- Influences the onset of puberty
- play a role in controlling some long-term cycles that are influenced by the light-dark cycle via Melatonin.
- Melatonin:rises in darkness and falls during the day.
- Plays an important role in the regulation of reproductive function
Pineal Gland
36
rises in darkness and falls during the day
Melatonin
37
- is the largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
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2 parts of the Cerebrum
Diencephalon and Telencephalon
39
the crests of the cortical folds
gyrus
40
furrows of the brain
sulcus
41
just like sulci but only deeper
fissures
42
why is the presence of gyri and sulci in a pattern that is relatively constant from brain to brain?
Easy to identify cortical areas that fulfills specific functions
43
- aka sylvian fissure
- separates the frontal and parietal lobe
Lateral Cerebral fissure
44
- aka circuminsular fissure
- separates the insula and separates it from the adjacent frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Circular Sulcus
45
separates the left and right hemispheres
Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
46
- fissure of rolando
- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central Sulcus
47
Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.
Parieto-occipital fissure
48
Begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere near the occipital pole and extends forward to an area slightly below the splenium of the corpus callosum
Calcarine fissure
49
Is a large bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
Corpus Callosum
50
Serves to integrate the activity of the two
hemispheres and permits them to communicate with each other
Corpus Callosum
51
Found below the cingulate gyrus
Corpus Callosum
52
is the largest of the interhemispheric
commissures and is largely responsible for coordinating the activities of the two
cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
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Anterior part of Corpus C.
Genu
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Posterior part of Corpus C.
Splenium
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Involved in:
- Motor ,Initiative judgment, abstract
reasoning, creativity, and socially appropriate behavior (inhibition of
socially inappropriate behavior)
Frontal lobe
56
are phylogenetically newest and
the most uniquely "human".
Initiative judgment, abstract
reasoning, creativity, and socially appropriate behavior
57
Lies anterior to the precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
58
Anterior of central sulcus
precentral gyrus
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is the crescent-shaped, or arched, convolution on the medial surface between the cingulate sulcus and the
corpus callosum
Cingulate Gyrus
60
extend forward and downward from the
precentral sulcus, dividing the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into three
parallel gyri
Superior, Middle, and Inferior frontal gyri
61
includes higher order association cortex involved in judgment, reasoning, initiative, higher order social behavior, and similar functions.
Pre frontal cortex
62
is located anterior to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and
the adjacent premotor cortex.
prefrontal cortex
63
- extends from the central sulcus to the parieto-occipital fissure
- laterally, it extends to the level of the lateral cerebral fissure
Parietal lobe
64
Posterior to postcentral gyrus
poscentral sulcus
65
lies behind the central sulcus.
postcentral gyrus
66
is the portion of the inferior parietal lobule that arches above the ascending end of the posterior ramus of the
lateral cerebral fissure.
supramarginal gyrus
67
arches above the end of the superior temporal sulcus and becomes
continuous with the middle temporal gyrus.
Angular gyrus
68
Is the posterior portion of the medial surface between the parieto-occipital fissure and the ascending end of
the cingulate sulcus.
precuneus
69
- Which most notably houses the primary visual cortex
- Situated behind the parieto-occipital fissure
occipital lobe
70
Divides the medial surface of the occipital lobe into the cuneus and the lingual
gyrus.
calcarine fissure
71
- it contains a light band of myelinated fibers in layer IV
- is the site of termination of visual afferents from the lateral geniculate body
Striate Cortex
72
this region of cortex thus functions as the primary visual cortex.
cuneus
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- AKA lateral occipitotemporal
- is between the calcarine fissure and the posterior part of the collateral fissure.
ligual gyrus
74
- AKA medial occipitotemporal
- is on the basal surface of the occipital lobe.
fusiform gyrus
75
Lies below the lateral cerebral fissure and extends back to the level of the
parieto-occipital fissure on the medial surface of the hemisphere
temporal lobe
76
The lateral surface of the temporal lobe is divided into the parallel what?
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
77
Superior and Middle gyri are
separated by?
superior temporal sulcus
78
Middle and inferior temporal
gyri are separated by?
middle temporal sulcus
79
lies between the hippocampal fissure and the anterior part of the collateral fissure
parahippocampal gyrus
80
- the most medial portion of the temporal lobe
- Curves in the form of a hook
Uncus
81
- is a sunken portion of the cerebral cortex
- can be exposed by separating the upper and lower lips (opercula) of the lateral
fissure.
Insula
82
- include the cingulate, parahippocampal, and subcallosal gyri as well as the hippocampal formation
- can be exposed by separating the upper and lower lips (opercula) of the lateral
fissure.
Limbis System
83
- Several poorly defined cell islands
- located beneath the basal ganglia deep in the hemisphere
Basal Forebrain Nuclei and Septal Area
84
- These cell islands include the basal forebrain nuclei (also known as the nuclei of Meynert or substantia innominata), which send widespread cholinergic
projections throughout the cerebral cortex.
Basal Forebrain Nuclei and Septal Area
85
Located just laterally
septal nuclei
86
Which receive afferent fibers from the hippocampal formation and reticular system and send axons to the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain.
septal nuclei
87
The adult cerebral hemisphere contains myelinated nerve fibers of many sizes as well as neuroglia
White Matter
88
The white center of the cerebral
hemisphere that contains myelinated transverse fibers, projection fibers, and
association fibers.
Centrum semiovale
89
essentially connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres.
Commissure fibers
90
They are as follows: the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, the posterior
commissure, the fornix, and the habenular commissure
Transverse Fibers
91
Are nerve fibers that essentially connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere and may be divided into short and long groups
Association fibers
92
Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to and from the brainstem to the entire cerebral cortex must travel between large nuclear masses of gray
matter within the cerebral hemisphere.
Projection Fibers
93
Once the nerve fibers have emerged superiorly from between the nuclear masses, they radiate in all directions
to the cerebral cortex.
Corona Radiata
94
which is flanked medially by the caudate nucleus and the thalamus and laterally
by the lentiform nucleus
Internal Capsule
95
is bent to form an anterior limb and a
posterior limb, which are continuous with each other at the genu
internal capsule
96
shaped like a tepee, with an apical dendrite reaching from the upper end toward the cortical surface, and basilar dendrites extending horizontally from the cell body
pyramidal cells
97
Star shaped, with dendrites extending in all directions
stellate neurons
98
found in deeper layers, with a large dendrite that ascends toward the surface
of the cortex
fusiform neurons
99
layer I of the Cerebral cortex
Molecular layer
100
layer II of the Cerebral cortex
External Granular Layer
101
layer III of the Cerebral cortex
External pyramidal layer
102
layer IV of the cerebral cortex
Internal granular layer : stellate cells
103
layer V of the cerebral cortex
internal pyramidal layer: dominant pyramid, stellate and other interneurons
104
layer VI of the cerebral cortex
multiform layer: fusiform cells
105
uses numbers to label individual
areas of the cortex
Brodmann's area
106
These anatomically defined areas have been used as a reference base for the
localization of physiologic and pathologic processes.
brodmann's area
107
Primary Motor Area
Area 4
108
- The premotor area
- Medial Aspect of the Hemisphere
- Use for motor planning
Area 6
109
- The Frontal Eye Field
- Medial Aspect of the Hemisphere
- Eye movements
Area 8
110
- Prefrontal Cortex
- serves a set of " executive" functions, planning and initiating adaptive actions
and inhibiting maladaptive ones; prioritizing and sequencing actions.
Area 9
111
Weaving elementary motor and sensory functions into a coherent, goal-directed
stream of behavior.
Area 9
112
- motor planning, judgement, reasoning, initiative, higher order social behavior, working memory, and similar functions
- Ant. to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and the adjacent
premotor cortex
Frontal lobe
113
- Broca’s Area
- Are located anterior to the motor cortex
- Controlling the lips and tongue. Broca's area is an important area for speech.
Area 44 and 45
114
Damage to this area 44 and 45 would
cause speech that is slow and hesitant with limited vocabulary and impaired
syntax is indicative of ?
non fluent aphasia
115
- Primary Sensory Area
- Found in the postcentral gyrus
- Receives input from Ventral Posterolateral and Ventral Posteromedial Nuclei
Area 3,1,2
116
Receive contralateral stimuli such as proprioception and touch.
Parietal lobe
117
Perception of the processing of language
Area 40
118
Primary Auditory Cortex
Area 41
119
Associative (Secondary) cortex
Area 42
120
- Together, area 41 and 42 are called?
- Involved in language and music
Heschl’s gyrus
121
- Wernicke’s area
- which plays an important role in the comprehension of language
Area 22
122
Damage to unilateral lesion and bilateral lesion results to?
mild hearing loss and wernicke's aphasia
123
The Primary Visual
Area 17
124
- Visual Association Areas
- Each of these maps represents the entire visual world, but extracts
information about a particular aspect of it
Area 18 and 19
125
The visual cortex in the right
occipital lobe receives
impulses from the right half
of each retina while the
opposite for the left occipital
lobe
occipital lobe
126
Refers to masses of gray matter
deep within the cerebral
hemispheres
basal ganglia
127
Play an essential functional role in
motor control
basal ganglia
128
include the caudate nucleus, the
putamen, and the globus
pallidus.
basal ganglia
129
includes:
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
Corpus striatum
130
includes:
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
striatum
131
Functionally, the basal ganglia
and their interconnections and
neurotransmitters form the ....... which includes midbrain nuclei such as the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nuclei
extrapyramidal system
132
An elongated gray mass whose
pear shaped head is continuous
with the putamen
caudate nucleus
133
Is situated between the insula and
the internal capsule.
lenticular nucleus
134
The external medullary lamina
divides the nucleus into two parts:
putamen, globus pallidus
135
is the larger, convex
gray mass lying lateral to and just
beneath the insular cortex.
putamen
136
is the smaller, triangular median zone
whose numerous myelinated fibers
make it appear lighter in color.
globus pallidus
137
it sends many fibers to the putamen,
which in turn sends short
fibers to the globus
pallidus.
caudate nucleus
138
The putamen and globus
pallidus receive some fibers
from the ?
sunstanstia nigra
139
sends fibers to the caudate nucleus
thalamus
140
Is a small but crucial band of
myelinated fibers that separates
the lentiform nucleus from the
medial caudate nucleus and
thalamus.
internal capsule
141
Contains critically important
pathways such as the corticobulbar
and corticospinal tracts. Thus, small
lesions within the internal capsule
(which can occur, eg, as a result of
small strokes called lacunar strokes)
can produce devastating clinical
deficits.
internal capsule
