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M1 Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the development, chemistry, structure, function,
and pathology of the nervous system.

A

Neuroscience

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2
Q

This primarily functions to receive sensory stimuli and transmit them to the different organs of the body.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

This includes multiple levels of analysis: Molecular, Cellular, Systems, Behavioural, and Cognitive.

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function.

A

Molecular Neuroscience

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5
Q

distinguishes different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions.

A

Cellular Neuroscience

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6
Q

investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function.

A

Systems Neuroscience

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7
Q

studies the different factors interacting to influence human behaviour.

A

Behavioural Neuroscience

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8
Q

uncovers the way individuals learn, plan, think, and use their memory and language.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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9
Q

divide the right and left sides of the brain into two equal parts.

A

Sagittal Plane

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10
Q

Divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.

A

Transverse

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11
Q

divides the brain into a front (anterior) section and a back (posterior) section.

A

Frontal Plane

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12
Q

composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body, and myelin (an insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons).

A

White Matter

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13
Q

It is called a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system.

A

tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.

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14
Q

A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system is called a tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.

A

White Matter

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15
Q

appears gray and contains primarily neuron cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

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16
Q

These are groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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17
Q

In the central nervous system, groups of cell bodies
are most frequently. These are called?

A

Nuclei

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18
Q

What is the Gray matter on the surface of the brain?

A

Cortex

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19
Q

3 Main Cell Layers in the Embryo

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm.

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20
Q

It is the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the _______, into multilayered organisms.

A

Blastula, Gastrulation

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21
Q

It is the formation of neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Neurulation

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22
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- Conception to 2 weeks
- Formation of Blastocyst
- Gastrulation occurs during the end of the 2nd week

A

Preembryonic Stage

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23
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- 2nd to end of 8th week
- Formation of Organs

A

Embryonic Stage

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24
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- End of 8th week until birth
- Nervous systems develop more fully, and myelination begins

A

Fetal Stage

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25
What is the Primary division of forebrain vesicle?
Prosencephalon
26
What are the subdivision of forebrain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
27
What are the adult structures of the forebrain vesicle?
Telen: Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus Dien: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, infundibulum.
28
What is the primary division of the midbrain vesicle?
Mesencephalon
29
What is the subdivision of Mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon
30
What are the adult structures of the midbrain vesicle?
Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri.
31
What is the primary division of the hindbrain vesicle?
Rhombencephalon
32
What are the subdivisions of the hindbrain vesicle?
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
33
What are the adult structures of the hindbrain vesicle?
Meten: Pons, Cerebellum Myelen: Medulla Oblongata
34
The 2 concentric layers of the Neural Tube
Mantle layer and Marginal layer
35
It is the inner wall and contains cell bodies and will become gray matter.
Mantle layer
36
It is the outer wall that contains processes of cells and will develop into white matter, consisting of axons and glial cells.
Marginal layer
37
It is a group of muscles derived from one somite and innervated by a single spinal nerve.
Myotome
38
It processes sensory information.
Dorsal Horn
39
It forms peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells, autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs.
Neural Crest
40
2 processes of the neural crest
- connects to the spinal cord - inervates the dermatome
41
Are spherical cell clusters from the mesoderm.
Somites
42
It causes bulging in the surface of the embryo.
Somites
43
Contains the vertebrae and the skull.
Scleratome
44
Contains the skeletal muscles.
Myotome
45
Contains the dermis.
Dermatome
46
What are the functional divisions?
Autonomic, Somatic, and Somatosensory Nervous System
47
Consists the brain and the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
48
Divided into: Cerebrum and Diencephalon
Brain
49
The most massive part of the brain.
Forebrain: Cerebrum
50
Connects two cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
51
It is the Deep cleft separating the hemisphere.
Longitudinal fissure
52
Are the Folds or elevation in the cerebral cortex.
Gyrus
53
Are grooves and fissures along the cerebral cortex.
Sulcus
54
Thinking, memory, behaviour, and movement.
Frontal lobe
55
Hearing, learning, and feeling.
Temporal lobe
56
Breathing, heart rate, and temperature.
Brainstem
57
Language and touch.
Parietal lobe
58
Sight
Occipital lobe
59
Balance and coordination
Cerebellum
60
The site for reasoning, language, communication, intelligence, and personality.
Gray matter and Cerebral cortex.
61
The axon that connects the cerebral cortex with the other CNS areas.
White Matter
62
- Higher order functions - The site for reasoning, language, communication, intelligence, and personality
Gray Matter or Cerebral cortex
63
- These are masses of gray matter within the white matter. - Responsible for social and goal-oriented behavior, movement and emotions. - Execute smooth movement
Basal Ganglia or Nuclei
64
Process emotions and motivation.
Amygdala
65
Process memory
Hippocampus
66
- The largest egg-shaped mass of gray matter forms the major part of the diencephalon. - Important relay station for passing sensory information.
Thalamus
67
- 0.3% of the brain - Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
68
Holds the Pineal Body (influences the secretion of other endocrine glands)
Epithalamus
69
Part of the neural circuit that controls the movement.
Subthalamus
70
Connects the third and fourth ventricles.
Cerebral Aqueduct
71
Contains many nuclei and bundle of ascending and descending nerve fibers.
Cerebral Aqueduct
72
a large number of transverse fibers on its anterior aspect connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres.
Bridge
73
Many nuclei and ascending and descending nerve fibers.
Pons
74
- The largest part of the hindbrain - 2 hemispheres are connected by a vermis. - Consist of Superior/Middle/Inferior - Cerebellar Peduncles. - Cerebellar Cortex - Thrown in folds or foil. Functions: Posture, Balance and Coordination (POBACO)
Cerebellum
75
- Connected to the third ventricle via cerebral aqueduct. - Continuous to the central canal of the spinal cord.
Hindbrain: Fourth ventricle
76
Spinal cord: Cell bodies of neurons
Gray matter
77
Axons and Myelin
White Matter
78
PNS: 2 types of axons
Afferent and Efferent axons
79
PNS divides into?
Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System
80
- regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing regulates
Autonomic NS
81
2 types of Autonomic NS
Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic
82
- allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body. - involves things you can consciously sense and do.
Somatic Nervous System
83
2 main functions of Somatic NS
Sensory Input and Movement Control
84
contains the brain and its surrounding meninges, portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses.
Cranial Cavity
85
is the upper part of the cranium; where sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures are found.
Vault of the skull
86
- is the lowest part of the cranium; - It has three cranial fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior
Base of the skull
87
lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
Anterior Cranial Fossa
88
Boundaries of Anterior Cranial Fossa
ant: inner surface of frontal bone post: lesser wing of sphenoid floor: orbital plates of frontal bone
89
- upper surface supports the olfactory bulbs - small perforations are for the olfactory nerves
Cribriform Plate
90
houses the temporal lobes and pituitary gland
Middle Cranial Fossa
91
- found in the lesser wing of sphenoid - passage for optic nerve, opthalamic artery
Optic Canal
92
- Between the lesser and greater wings of sphenoid - passage for lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary, and abducent nerves; superior opthalamic vein
Superior Orbital Fissure
93
- found in the greater wing of sphenoid - passage for maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
Foramen Rotundum
94
- found in the greater wing of sphenoid - passage for mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Foramen Ovale
95
- found in the greater wing of sphenoid - passage for middle meningeal artery
Foramen Spinosum
96
- found between the petrous part of the temporal and sphenoid - passage for internal carotid artery
Foramen Lacerum
97
- lodges the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Posterior Cranial Fossa
98
Boundaries of Posterior Cranial Fossa
Ant: superior border of the temporal bone post: internal surface of occipital bone roof: tentorium cerebelli
99
- found in the occipital bone - passage for medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, and right and left vertebral arteries
Foramen Magnum
100
- found in the occipital bone - passage for hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal Canal
101
- between the petrous part of the temporal and condylar part of the occipital bone - passage for glossopharyngeal, vagus, ans accessory - nerves: sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein
Jugular foramen
102
- found in the petrous part of the temporal bone - passage for vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
Internal Acoustic Meatus
103
outermost and strongest covering of the brain
Dura Mater
104
2 layers of Dura Mater
Endosteal and Meningeal layers
105
does not extend through the foramen magnum; becomes part of the skull
Endosteal Layer
106
dura mater proper; continuous through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord
Meningeal layer
107
a sickle shaped fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebri
108
a small sickle shaped fold of dura mater between the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
109
a crescent shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa
Tentorium Cerebelli
110
- A delicate, impermeable membrane lies between the pia mater internally and the dura mater externally. - separated from the dura by the subdural space, and from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Arachnoid matter
111
- Removes waste products associated with neuronal activity - Provides a fluid medium in which the brain floats, protecting the brain from trauma
Arachnoid Matter
112
- innermost layer - a vascular membrane that closely invests the brain, covering the gyri and descending into the deepest sulci - extends over the cranial nerves and fuses with their epineurium
Pia mater

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