M4 - Muscle Health Flashcards
(19 cards)
What do tendons connect?
Tendons connect muscles to bones.
What do ligaments connect?
Ligaments connect bones to bones, typically within joints.
What is muscle atrophy?
A reduction in muscle size, tone, and power due to disuse.
What is muscle hypertrophy?
An exercise-induced increase in muscle mass.
Why might astronauts experience muscle atrophy?
Because of muscle disuse in a low-gravity environment.
What are muscle cramps and what causes them?
Painful spasms caused by exercise, extreme cold, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, low blood glucose, or reduced blood flow.
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.
What causes DOMS?
Muscle trauma, myofibril/sarcolemma disruption, and increased myoglobin and enzymes in the blood after exercise.
What is myositis?
Inflammation and weakness of skeletal muscles, caused by injury, infection, or autoimmune disease.
What is a contracture?
Permanent shortening of a muscle or joint.
What can cause a contracture?
Inability to remove calcium from the sarcoplasm or contraction of scar tissue (e.g. burns).
What causes tetanus (lockjaw)?
A bacterial infection from Clostridium tetani that produces a neurotoxin causing prolonged, painful contractions.
Is there a vaccine for tetanus?
Yes.
What is botulism and what causes it?
A type of food poisoning from Clostridium botulinum which blocks acetylcholine release and causes paralysis.
What is muscular dystrophy?
A group of genetic neuromuscular disorders causing progressive muscle wasting and weakness.
What replaces muscle tissue in muscular dystrophy?
Fatty and fibrous tissue, which impedes circulation and causes further degeneration.
What is crush syndrome (traumatic rhabdomyolysis)?
A shock-like state following muscle crush injuries, leading to fever, heart issues, and kidney failure from myoglobin buildup.
What is fibromyalgia?
A condition of chronic muscular pain and tenderness, often linked with fatigue and sleep disturbances.
What can trigger fibromyalgia?
Infectious diseases, physical/emotional trauma, or medications.
