MA 3110 STATS CHAPTER 1

Question 1

DATA

Answer 1

Collections of observations such as measurements, genders, survey responses.

Question 2

STATISTICS

Answer 2

The science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.

Question 3

POPULATION

Answer 3

The complete collection of all individuals (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all of the individuals to be studied.

Question 4

CENSUS

Answer 4

The collection of data from every member of the population.

Question 5

SAMPLE

Answer 5

A sub-collection of members selected from a population.

Question 6

PARAMETER

Answer 6

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.

Question 7

STATISTIC

Answer 7

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.

Question 8

DISCRETE DATA

Answer 8

Results when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number. (The number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2, and so on.

Question 9

CONTINUOUS (NUMERICAL) DATA

Answer 9

Result from infinitely more possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps.

Question 10

NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

Answer 10

Is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high).

Question 11

Quantitative (Numerical) data

Answer 11

Consists of numbers representing counts or measurements.

Question 12

Categorical (Qualitative or attribute) data

Answer 12

Consist of names or labels that are not numbers representing counts or measurements.

Question 13

Ordinal level of measurement

Answer 13

If data can be arranged in some order, but difference (obtained by subtraction) between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.

Question 14

Interval level of measurement

Answer 14

Is like the ordinal level with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However, data at this level do not have a natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present).

Question 15

Ratio level of measurement

Answer 15

Is the level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present). For values at this level, differences and ratios are both meaningful.

Question 16

Voluntary response sample (or self-selected sample)

Answer 16

One in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.

Question 17

Observational study

Answer 17

We observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don’t attempt to modify the subjects being studied.

Question 18

Experiment

Answer 18

We apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the subjects.

Question 19

Simple random sample

Answer 19

Of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the chance of being chosen.

Question 20

Random sample

Answer 20

In this sample members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 21

Probability sample

Answer 21

Involves selecting members from a population in such a way that each member of the population has a known (but not necessarily the same) chance of being selected.

Question 22

Systematic sampling

Answer 22

Select some starting point and then select every Kth (such as every 50th) element in the population

Question 23

Convenience sampling

Answer 23

We simply use results that are very easy to get.

Question 24

Stratified sampling

Answer 24

We subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that subjects within the same subgroup share the same characteristics (such as gender or age bracket), then we draw a sample from each subgroup or stratum.

Question 25

Cluster sampling

Answer 25

We first divide the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of the those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters.

Question 26

Cross-sectional study

Answer 26

Data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time.

Question 27

Retrospective (Case control) study

Answer 27

Data are collected from the past by going back in time (through examination of records interviews, and so on.)

Question 28

Prospective (Longitudinal or cohort) study

Answer 28

Data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts).

Question 29

Confounding

Answer 29

Occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors.

Question 30

Sampling error

Answer 30

The difference between a sample result and the true population result; such an error results from chance sample fluctuations.

Question 31

Nonsampling error

Answer 31

Occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed ( such as by selecting a biased sample, using a defective measurement instrument, or copying the data incorrectly).

Question 32

Spreadsheet

Answer 32

A collection of data organized in an array of cells arranged in rows and columns, and is used to summarize, analyze, and perform calculations with the data

Question 33

Worksheet

Answer 33

One page or sheet (or spreadsheet), consisting of cells arranged in an array of rows and columns. The cells contain text, numbers, or formulae.