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Microanatomy > MA1 - Intro to Microanatomy > Flashcards

MA1 - Intro to Microanatomy Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five types of tissue?

A

blood/lymphoid

muscle

nervous

epithelial

connecive

[mnemonic: Bloody Maries Cause Epithelial Necrosis]

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2
Q

What is the primary function/feature of blood/lymphoid tissue? (2)

A

transport of gases; immune function

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3
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue? (2)

A

generates contractile forces that drive internal motion of organ

drives movement of organism itself

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

provides rapid, long-range communication to and from cells/tissues

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6
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue? (2)

A

CNS tissue (brain, spinal cord, eye)

PNS tissue (somatic and autonomic nervous systems)

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

sheets of cells (epithelia) that cover internal and external surfaces

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue forms

A

secretory and ductal elements of glands

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9
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

supports, insulates, separates, and protects other tissues

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10
Q

The epithelium that forms the innermost tissue layer of intestines is primarily composed of what kind of cells?

A

absorptive cells (enterocytes) + goblet cells

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11
Q

What is the function of enterocytes in the small intestine?

A

absorb nutrients

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12
Q

What is the function of enterocytes in the colon?

A

absorb water

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13
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus that coats and protects luminal surface

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14
Q

Lamina propria is made of what kind of tissue?

A

connective tissue

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15
Q

Describe the lamina propria. (2)

A

contains blood + lymphatic vessels that transport materials to and from epithelium

site of immune reactions

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16
Q

In which cellular structure do immune reactions occur?

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

List the order of tissue structures, from epithelium at the top to those below.

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

submucosa

muscularis propria

serosa

(mnemonic: ELMo can’t send SMSes)

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18
Q

What structures comprise the mucosa?

A

epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosae

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19
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae.

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

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20
Q

Describe the submucosa.

A

richer in collagen than lamina propria

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21
Q

The submucosa is responsible for providing support to which structures?

A

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

PNS nerves/ganglia that innervate mucosa

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22
Q

Describe the composition of the muscularis propria.

A

inner circular layer perpendicular to intestinal axis

outer longitudinal layer parallel to intestinal axis

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23
Q

What is the significance of the space between the two layers of the muscularis propria?

A

ganglia of enteric nervous system reside in space between and control the musclaris propria

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24
Q

Describe the composition of the serosa.

A

squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that faces peritoneal cavity

thin layer of connective tissue b/w mesothelium and outer smooth muscle layer of the muscularis propria

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25
What are mesothelial cells? [Alt.] What is the mesothelium?
simple squamous epithelium that lines internal body cavities lines the serosa
26
What is the adventitia?
outermost layer of many tubular structures, such as the GI tract
27
What is the composition of the adventitia? (3)
mostly composed of dense connective tissue if smooth muscle is present it commonly runs parallel to the tube and serves a support role lacks mesothelium
28
What are the steps in histological sample preparation?
sample acquisition fixation processing sectioning staining (mnemonic: **SFPSS**)
29
What is the purpose of fixation?
to preserve tissue and tissue structure
30
How is fixation performed?
using chemical fixatives
31
What are the two types of chemical fixatives used in fixation?
crosslinking fixatives (formaldehyde) oxidizing fixatives (osmium tetroxide)
32
What is the difference between immersion and perfusion in fixation?
immersion = sample soaked in fixative - preserves blood cells in vessels perfusion = fixative introduced into sample through vasculature - blood cells lost
33
What is the purpose of processing in sample preparation?
replace water with a stiff matrix to facilitate sectioning
34
What are the two steps of processing in sample preparation?
dehydration embedding
35
Describe the dehydration step of processing in sample preparation.
ethanol followed by clearing agent (xylene) to facilitate infiltration by embedding agents
36
Describe the embedding step of processing in sample preparation. (2)
generates a "block" in which tissue is suspended in solid matrix waxes such as paraffin or acrylic resins such as methacrylate are used
37
What happens in sectioning of sample preparation?
block is cut with a microtome = expensive meat slicer
38
What are the types of stains? (5)
ionic stains redox stains fluorescent dyes heavy metals (EM) immunostains (IHC, IF, IG)
39
Basic dyes bind to what charges?
basic dyes (positive charges) bind to negative charges
40
Acidic dyes bind to what charges?
acidic dyes (negative charges) bind to positive charges
41
What is the most commonly used stain in histology?
hematoxylin & eosin (H&E)
42
Describe the components of the H&E dye.
hematoxylin = blue basic dye eosin = red acidic dye
43
What happens when H&E staining is carried out under acidic conditions?
hematoxylin binds to macromolecules rich in phosphates (DNA/RNA → thus stains nuclei/ribosomes) and sulfates (proteoglycans) eosion binds to proteins (which are positively charged), staining them red (therefore stains collagen, actinomyosin, etc.)
44
Distinguish between the terms _basophilic_ and _eosinophilic_.
basophilic = stained with hematoxylin → negatively charged area → DNA/RNA/nuclei/ribosomes eosinophilic = stained with eosin → positively charged area → protein/collagen/actinomyosin
45
Compare H&E and toluidine blue staining.
Toluidine blue staining has superior contrast
46
Describe the outcome of toluidine blue staining.
stains nucleic acids and other negatively-charged species blue stains glycosaminoglycan (i.e. secretory granules of mast cells) reddish-purple
47
Toluidine blue is commonly used to visualize what specific structure?
mast cells
48
What is the function of Masson's trichrome and how does it stain?
used to identify areas of fibrosis protein-rich areas stained red collagen stained blue nuclei stained black
49
When is Gomori trichrome used?
used to stain skeletal muscle
50
How does Gomori trichrome stain?
myofilaments of muscle fibers = greenish blue nuclei = reddish-purple collagen = green compacted membranes (i.e. cristae of mitochondria) = red
51
What stain is used to identify mitochondrial myopathies?
Gomori trichrome
52
Verhoeff and Gallego stains are used to visualize
elastic fibers
53
Describe how Verhoeff and Gallego stains visualize fibers.
Verhoeff stains = gives elastic fibers black color but doesn't stain other structures well Gallego stains = gives elastic fibers reddish color but stains fibrillar collagens yellow or green
54
What are the two primary redox stains?
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Silver reticulin
55
Describe the properties of the PAS stain.
reacts with/stains areas rich with polysaccharides
56
The PAS stain is commonly used to target which cells?
mucus of goblet cells glycocalyx of enterocytes external laminae of muscle basement membrane of epithelia
57
The PAS stain is used as a diagnostic probe for which kinds of infections?
yeast and fungal infections (since their cell walls have lots of polysaccharides)
58
Describe the properties of the silver reticulin stain.
redox reaction in which silver ions are reduced to metallic silver by macromolecules
59
Describe how silver reticulin stains.
stained appears appear black
60
Silver reticulin is commonly used to visualize
reticular fibers (type III collagen)
61
Describe how fluorescent dyes are used to visualize structures.
fluorescent dyes fluoresce when excited by specific wavelengths of light
62
Describe how heavy metals (EM stains) ar used to visualize structures.
heavy metals/EM stains bind to structures and scatter electrons in an electron beam
63
Describe the role of primary and secondary antibodies in immunostains.
primary antibodies = bind to antigen of interest in the tissue secondary antibodies = conjugated with enzyme/fluorophore/heavy metal and detect the primary antibody (actually performs the staining)
64
Describe immunohistochemistry.
uses enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies (most commonly, horseradish peroxidase)
65
How does horseradish peroxidase stain?
stains brown where the primary antibody is found
66
Immunohistochemistry is best used for the visualization of
cells, but _not_ useful for visualizing subcellular structures
67
Describe immunofluorescence.
uses fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies
68
Immunofluorescence is useful for visualizing
subcellular structures
69
Describe immunogold.
uses colloidal gold-conjugated secondary antibodies
70
Immunogold staining is typically combined with what other staining method?
combined with heavy metal stains
71
Which method is best for visualizing subcellular locations?
immunogold
72
What are the two types of light microscopes?
transmitted light microscope fluorescence microscope
73
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope
74
Describe the properties of transmitted light microscopes.
light is co-linear w/ objective
75
Describe the properties of fluorescence microscopes.
illuminating light _not_ co-linear w/ objective stains excited by incident light generate photos (i.e. they fluoresce) greater specificity than transmitted light microscopy
76
Which microscopy technique is most commonly used in diagnostic pathology?
transmitted light microscope
77
Describe the properties of transmission electron microscopes. (3)
TEM generates electron beam that focuses on and passes through sample beam spread from sample generates magnified image atoms in sample deflect electrons as function of size of electron shells
78
How do heavy metals appear in TEM?
heavy metals have large electron shells, so they appear **dark** on TEM images
79
Describe the properties of scanning electron microscopes.
SEM uses metal (gold/palladium) plated whole mount samples electron beam reflects off sample and is imaged at 90° to the beam rotation of sample allows for generation of 3D image of sample surface
80
Define scale.
fold difference in size
81
Define magnification. (2)
ratio of apparent size to true size is a function of the lens used
82
Define resolution.
limiting distance at which two discrete objects can be visually distinguished
83
What factors limit resolution?
resolution limited by wavelength of incident radiation
84
Write out the formula to calculate resolution. Identify the terms.
d = resolution lambda = wavelength NA = numerical aperture
85
What are the resolution limits for visible light and EM?
visible light = 0.2 um EM = 1 nm

Microanatomy (7 decks)

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