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Nutrition > Macro #1: Energy Sources > Flashcards

Macro #1: Energy Sources Flashcards

1
Q

How does our body store energy?

A

ATP

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2
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

As Glycogen

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3
Q

How are fatty acids stored?

A

As triglycerides

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4
Q

How are amino acids stored?

A

As proteins

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5
Q

Unit to measure energy

A

Calorie or kcal (kilocalorie)

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6
Q

Kcal

A
  1. How energy expenditure is expressed
  2. Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C
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7
Q

Calorimetry

A

The measure of energy through how much heat a nutrient produces (steak may have more energy then a cheerio and therefore produce more heat/energy)

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8
Q

2 types of calorimetry

A
  1. Direct calorimetry
  2. Indirect calorimetry
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9
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

Measures heat transfer through bomb calorimetry and determining energy content of nutrients

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10
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

Measures gas through a metabolic chamber or cart. Measures O2 consumed and CO2 produced, and estimates energy expenditure

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11
Q

Bomb calorimetry

A

Determines energy content of nutrients by the amount of heat produced during combustion of the nutrient

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12
Q

How does bomb calorimetry work?

A
  1. Put food in the chamber and fill it with oxygen
  2. Water surrounds the chamber
  3. You light the chamber and combust it
  4. Measure the heat produced during combustion of the nutrient to determine energy
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13
Q

Metabolic Chamber

A

A method used for indirect calorimetry where people are in a lab and scientists can see exactly what they eat, how much O2 they consume and how much CO2 they expel

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14
Q

Metabolic Cart

A

Measures O2 and CO2 by putting a mask over someones face while they do things

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15
Q

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

A

CO2 Produced / O2 consumed

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16
Q

What is the average RER at rest

A

0.75

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17
Q

Energy Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that enable cells to store and use energy from nutrients

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18
Q

Basic concept of energy metabolism

A

Substrate goes into an enzyme to create a product. That product becomes the new substrate that can go into a different enzyme and create a new product

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19
Q

Three substrates our bodies prefer to use

A
  1. Phosphocreatine (PCr)
  2. Carbohydrates (glucose)
  3. Fat (fatty acids)
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20
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

Produces ATP quickly but only produces small quantities (sprinting)

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21
Q

Carbohydrates (glucose)

A

Produces ATP at an average rate and produces average amounts of it

22
Q

Fat (fatty acids)

A

Produces ATP at a slow speed but produces a lot of it

23
Q

ATP creation BASIC

A

ATP is broken down when we require energy into ADP. That ADP receives 1 phosphate during phosphorylation to turn back into ATP

24
Q

Locations of glucose in the body

A

Skeletal Muscle and the Liver

25
Q

Locations of fat in our body

A

Visceral Fat: Around the abdomen/ main organs
Subcutaneous Fat: Under the skin
Intramuscular Fat: Between the muscles

26
Q

Three energy systems

A
  1. Glycolytic
  2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
  3. ATP-PCr
27
Q

Glycolytic Energy System

A

Pathway that uses glucose (blood/liver) or glycogen (liver/muscle) to produce ATP

28
Q

Glycogen

A

The polysaccharide of glucose

29
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates (either glycogen stored
in the liver/muscle or glucose delivered in the blood) to
resynthesize ATP

30
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

A

2-3 ATP

31
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose turning into its polymer glycogen

32
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking glycogen into its monomer glucose

33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm of cells

34
Q

Besides ATP, what are the other outcomes of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate (Each has 3 carbons on it)

35
Q

If there is no oxygen, what happens to the pyruvate?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis: Pyruvate is converted into lactate. ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate but in little quantity. (Fast glycolysis)

36
Q

If there is oxygen, what happens to the pyruvate?

A

Aerobic Glycolysis: Pyruvate can be sent to the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthesis occurs at a slower rate (Slow glycolysis)

37
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic system)

A

The transporting of electrons across the mitochondria to signals the pump which creates ATP

38
Q

Substrates used in oxidative aerobic system

A

Carbohydrates and fats

39
Q

Cellular Respiration Three Steps

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
40
Q

What happens between glycolysis and the krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate is brought to the mitochondria and converted into acetyl-CoA instead of lactate and then is placed into the start of the Krebs cycle

41
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle. Uses NAD+, FAD, and ADP to create ATP

42
Q

Krebs Cycle outputs

A

2 ATP, FADH2, and NADH

43
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

The creation of Acetyl-CoA from fatty acids (occurs in mitochondria)

45
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

H+ ions are pumped up across the gradient which creates a concentration gradient
When the gradient becomes too much, ATP synthase is activated to create the ATP’s

46
Q

How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation create?

A

~24 ATP

47
Q

Total amount of ATP created in the aerobic cellular respiration

A

36-38

48
Q

Aerobic Lypolysis

A

Triglycerides are broken down into their monomers of fatty acids

49
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Fatty acids combine into creating their polymer, triglycerides

50
Q

What is produced when a triglyceride is broken down?

A

3 individual fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

51
Q

Fatty acid length and ATP

A

Since most fatty acids are very large, they produce more energy in the form of ATP

52
Q

How many ATP are created from oxidation phosphorylation from fat and beta-oxidation

A

100+

Nutrition (8 decks)

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