Macro #4: Health and Diabetes

Question 1

Two hormones that control blood glucose levels at rest

Answer 1

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon

Question 2

Insulin

Answer 2

Hormone that lowers blood glucose. Released from beta cells of the pancreas

Question 3

Function of insulin

Answer 3

Binds to insulin receptor on the surface of skeletal muscle; causing a translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane

Question 4

Glycogenesis

Answer 4

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Question 5

Glucagon

Answer 5

Hormone that raises blood glucose and is released from alpha cells from the pancreas. Stimulates breakdown of liver glycogen

Question 6

Glucagon and gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-CHO sources) because glucagon is trying to raise blood glucose levels so it will do it anyway it can

Question 7

Glucogenic substrates

Answer 7

Pyruvate
Lactate
Amino acids
Glycerol from TG

Question 8

Glucose breakdown at rest

Answer 8

At rest, output of glucose from the liver occurs from 60% glycogenolysis (breaking down glycogen to glucose) and 40% gluconeogenesis (creating glucose from not CHO sources)

Question 9

How can gluconeogenesis increase?

Answer 9

1. Starvation or skipping meals
2. Prolonged low CHO intake
3. During exercise when glycogen becomes depleted

All reasons why the body doesn’t use glucose and has to create glucose from non CHO sources

Question 10

Acinar Cells

Answer 10

Exocrine functions that release pancreatic juices (95% of cells)

Question 11

Islet of Langerhans

Answer 11

Endocrine functions that produce alpha and beta cells (2-5% of cells)

Question 12

Beta Cells

Answer 12

Releases insulin (which has endocrine features)

Question 13

Alpha Cells

Answer 13

Releases glucagon (which has endocrine features)

Question 14

What type of reaction is insulin?

Answer 14

Anebolic reation (putting things together) when glucose enters the skeletal muscle

Question 15

What type of reaction is glucagon?

Answer 15

Catabolic (taking things apart) by breaking down glycogen into glucose to put into the bloodstream

Question 16

How is high blood glucose regulated?

Answer 16

Beta-cells release insulin into circulation, which then
1. increases glucose to be uptaken into cells through GLUT4 and 2. Glycogenesis (glucose is synthesized into glycogen in the liver/muscle)

All to reduces glucose from the blood

Question 17

How is low blood glucose regulated?

Answer 17

Alpha-cells secrete glucagon into circulation, which then 1. causes glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle to increase (breaking down glycogen into glucose) and
2. increases gluconeogenesis (the creating of glucose from non CHO products) which deposits monosaccharides of glucose into the bloodstream

Question 18

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Answer 18

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

Question 19

Hyperglycemia

Answer 19

high blood glucose

Question 20

Hypoglycemia

Answer 20

Low blood sugar that can cause loss of consciousness and even death

Question 21

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 21

Diabetes that you are born with (5% of diabetes cases)

Question 22

How does Type 1 Diabetes occur

Answer 22

Beta cells are destroyed so they are not secreting insulin. This means that GLUT4 is not removing glucose from blood into muscle and glucose is not being synthesized into glycogen. Blood glucose gets too high and insulin isn’t there to bring it down

Question 23

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 23

Diabetes that is induced over time (90-95%)

Question 24

How does Type 2 Diabetes to occur?

Answer 24

Glucose levels in the blood are chronically high so insulin is trying to bring it down but can’t because the insulin receptors are damaged and aren’t allowing the glucose to be absorbed into the blood

Question 25

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 25

When your body can’t make enough insulin while pregnant

Question 26

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 26

Represents your average blood sugar levels over the past 3-4 months

Question 27

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Answer 27

Measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a liquid containing glucose

Healthy pancreas will regulate the drink and blood glucose level will come back down after 30 minutes to 2 hours

Question 28

Fasting Blood Sugar Test

Answer 28

Measures blood sugar after fasting (letting the body regulate it how it can)

Question 29

Autoantibodies

Answer 29

Antibodies that mistakenly target and react with a persons own tissues and organs

Question 30

Tissues that are NOT insulin-dependent

Answer 30

Brain
Skeletal Muscles during exercise

Question 31

Insulin Resistance

Answer 31

Condition in which tissues do not take up glucose easily when stimulated with insulin

Question 32

Insulin Sensitivity

Answer 32

Enhanced ability of cells to respond to insulin and absorb glucose (possibly when not even needed)

Question 33

Chronic Complications of diabetes mellitus (diseases where someone has a high glucose level)

Answer 33

Macrovascular
Microvascular
Nueropathy

Question 34

Macrovascular chronic complications

Answer 34

Large vessel disease. Can cause heart attacks and strokes

Question 35

Microvascular chronic complications

Answer 35

Small vessel disease that can cause diabetic retinopothy (eye damage) or diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage)

Question 36

Nueropathy chronic complication

Answer 36

Brain damage when blood isn’t getting all the way down to the legs or arms. Wounds take a long time to heal. Affects legs before hands

Question 37

Greatest risk factors for diabetes

Answer 37

1. Adiposity, age, ethnicity, genetics, lack of physical activity

Question 38

How to manage DM (glycemic control)

Answer 38

Reduces the risk of hyper- and hypoglycemia

1. Diet
2. Exercise
3. Medications
4. Timing of eating CHO and eating complex CHO