Macro and Micro Structures Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What are the four components of the periodontium?
A
- Gingiva
- PDL
- Cementum
- Alveolar bone
2
Q
What type of tissue does the mucogingival junction separate?
A
Junction between the keratinized gingiva and non-keratinized mucosa
3
Q
What are the tree types of gingival epithelium?
A
- Junctional
- Sucular
- Oral
4
Q
Is the oral epithelium keratinized or non-keratinized?
A
Keratinized
5
Q
What are the four layers of the oral epithelium?
A
- Corneum
- Granulosum
- Spinosum
- Basale
6
Q
Where are melanocytes located? What do they do?
A
- Basal layer
- Synthesis of melanin
7
Q
Where are inflammatory cells located? What do they do?
A
- Location varies
- Inflammatory response of oral epithelium
8
Q
Where are Langerhans cells located? What do they do?
A
- Suprabasal mostly
- Dendritic like cells, antigen presenting cells
9
Q
Where are Merkel’s cells located? What do they do?
A
- Basal
- Tactile sensory cell
10
Q
What is the intracellular space like in the oral epithelium?
A
Narrow
11
Q
What is the permeability like in the oral epithelium?
A
Less
12
Q
Is the sulcular epithelium keratinized or non-keratinized?
A
Non-keratinized
13
Q
What are the two layers of the sulcular epithelium?
A
- Stratum basale
- Suprabasale
14
Q
Are ret pegs present in the oral epithelium?
A
Yes
15
Q
Are ret pegs present in the sulcular epithelium?
A
No
16
Q
What is the intracellular space like in the sulcular epithelium?
A
Narrow/medium
17
Q
What is the permeability like in the sulcular epithelium?
A
Semi
18
Q
Is the junctional epithelium keratinized or non-keratinized?
A
Non-keratinized
19
Q
What two layers are present in the junctional epithelium?
A
- Stratum basale
- Suprabasle
20
Q
Are ret pegs present in the junctional epithelium?
A
No
21
Q
What is the intracellular space like in the junctional epithelium?
A
Wider
22
Q
What is the permeability like in the junctional epithelium?
A
More
23
Q
How do you measure the keratinized gingiva?
A
Attached gingiva plus the free gingiva
24
Q
What is keratinization?
A
When cells move to the upper layers of the epithelium and produce keratin
25
What is the function of keratin?
Provides protection against both mechanical trauma and bacterial invasion
26
What two parts of the gingiva are keratinized?
Free gingiva and attached gingiva
27
What does the col space connect?
The facial and lingual/palatal gingival papillae
28
Is the col space keratinized or non-keratinized?
Non-keratinized
29
Is the col space present in areas of missing teeth and non-contacting teeth?
No
30
What is the col space dependent on?
Dependent on the shape and position of the contact point
31
What do desmosomes connect?
Epithelial cells
32
What type of cell attachments does the oral epithelium have?
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes to anchor to the basement membrane
33
What type of cell attachments does the sulcular epithelium have?
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes to anchor to the basement membrane
34
What type of cell attachments does the junctional epithelium have?
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes to anchor to the tooth and to the basement membrane
35
What is Pemphigus Vulgaris?
The separation of epithelial cells
36
What is the function of the lamina lucida?
Contacts stratum basale via hemidesmosomes
37
What layer is considered electron lucent?
Lamina lucida
38
What layer is considered electron dense?
Lamina densa
39
What is the function of the lamina densa?
Attached to connective tissue via anchoring fibrils
40
What is the interface between the basal epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue/lamia propria?
Basement membrane
41
What are the two layers of the lamina propria?
Papillary layer and the reticular layer
42
What is the disease associated with autoantibodies directed against antigens in the basal membrane zone?
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
43
What is the papillary layer made out of
Loose connective tissue
44
What is the reticular layer made out of?
Thick fibers; dense irregular connective tissue
45
What is the function of collagen fibers in the lamina propria?
Tensile strength, flexibility and resilience
46
What type of collagen fibers are present in the lamia propria?
- Type 1, major
- Type III and elastin fibers, minor
47
What type of cells are present in the lamia propria?
- Fibroblast
- Mast cells, macrophages, inflammatory cells
48
What is the function of fibroblasts?
Produce connective tissue fibers
49
What are the four types of connective tissue fibers that fibroblasts produce?
- Collagen fibers
- Reticulin fibers
- Oxytalan fibers
- Elastic fibers
50
What is the function of vessels and nerve in the lamina propria?
Vascular supply and innervation
51
What is the ground substance made out of in the lamina propria?
Clear fluid that fills the space between fibers, made out of GAGS and proteoglycans
52
What is the function of the ground substance in the lamina propria?
- Glue for the cells to attach to the matrix
- Molecular sieve for substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells
53
What is the extracellular matrix made out of? 4 answers
- GAGs
- Proteoglycans
- Collagenous proteins
- Non-collagenous proteins
54
What is the function of the extracellular matrix
Scaffold to support and anchor cells, mediates adhesion, cell signaling and transport of nutrients
55
What are the two types of adhesive glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix?
- Fibronectin
- Laminin
56
What are the four types of GAGs in the extracellular matrix?
- Hyaluronan
- Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate
- Heparan sulfate, heparin
- Keratan sulfate
57
What is the one type of proteoglycan present in the extracellular matrix?
Aggrecan, decorin
58
What is the two type of structural proteins present in the extracellular matrix?
- Collagen
- Elastin
59
What are GAGs partner proteins that help them participate in many biological processes?
Proteoglycan
60
What is the structural composition of GAGs?
Linear polymers containing repeating disaccharides of N-acetyl hexosamine and a hexuronic acid or hexose
61
Where is hyaluronic acid located?
Synovial fluid, ECM of loose connective tissue
62
Where is derma tan sulfate located?
Skin, blood vessels, heart valves
63
Where is Chondroitin-4 sulfate located?
Cartilage, bone, heart valves
64
Where is heparin sulfate located?
Basement membranes and cell surfaces
65
Where is keratan sulfate located?
Cornea, bone, cartilage
66
What is the simplest GAG and does not contain sulfate?
Hyaluronic acid
67
What type of GAG is involved in coagulation, wound repair, fibrosis, and infections?
Dermatan sulfate
68
What is the most abundant GAG?
Chondroitin-4 sulfate
69
What GAG is responsible for production of ligand-binding domains?
Heparan sulfate
70
What GAG is often aggregated with chondroitin sulfates?
Keratan sulfate
71
What are proteins that are heavily glycosylated called?
Proteoglycans
72
What percentage of total protein in the body is collagen?
25-30%
73
Where is type I collagen located?
Bone, gingiva, ligament
74
Where is type II collagen located?
Hyaline and elastic cartilage
75
Where is type III collagen located?
Gingiva
76
Where is type IV collagen located?
Basement membrane
77
Where is type V collagen located?
Bone and gingiva
78
Where is the site of synthesis for collagen type I?
- Fibroblasts
- Osteoblasts
- Odontoblasts
- Chondroblasts
79
Where is the site of synthesis for collagen type II?
Chondroblasts
80
Where is the site of synthesis for collagen type III?
Fibroblasts
81
Where is the site of synthesis for collagen type IV?
Many
82
Where is the site of synthesis for collagen type V?
Smooth muscle
83
What is a ECM protein involved in the control of biological processes?
Connective Tissue Growth Factor, CTGF
84
What happens CTGF is unregulated?
This is linked to many chronic diseases, such as liver fibrosis and congestive heart failure
85
What is a cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily?
TGF-β
86
What are cytokines?
Proteins known to be immunomodulating agents
87
What produces cytokines?
All white blood cells
88
What is a potent stimulator of collagen production?
TGF-β
89
What three amino acids make up the triple-helical structure of collagen?
Glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline
90
Glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline make up what repeating motif?
Gly-Pro-X (X = any amino acid)
91
What is the strength in collagen fibers a result of?
Fiber organization in the ECM
92
What vitamin does the hydroxylation of proline, which is require?
Vitamin C
93
What is a dietary deficiency in Vitamin C lead to?
Scurvy
94
What happens to defective pro-α collagen chains that fail to form a stable triple helix? What does this lead to?
- Immediately degraded within the cell
- Lead to blood vessel fragility and loss of tooth attachment within sockets
95
What digests collagen?
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)
96
What are MMPs regulated by?
Tissue Inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPS)
97
What degrades Collagenase 2 (Neutrophils)?
MMP-8
98
What are the substrates of MMP-8?
Collagens I, II, III
99
What is the biological width/supracrestal tissue attachment?
Distance established from the junctional epithelium and connective tissue attachment to the root surface of a tooth
100
What is the average width of the PDL?
0.25mm
101
What is one of the most metabolically active tissues?
PDL
102
What is the function of the PDL? 5 answers.
- Formative
- Nutritive
- Sensory
- Protective
- Supportive
103
What are the most abundant PDL fibers?
Oblique
104
What fibers restrain lateral tooth movement?
Horizontal fibers
105
What PDL fibers retain tooth in socket, oppose lateral forces, and protect deeper PDL structures?
Alveolar crest
106
What PDL fibers prevent the tooth from tipping and resists luxation?
Apical
107
What PDL fibers aid in resisting tipping and torquing and resist luxation?
Interradicular
108
What is alveolar bone proper?
A region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament (PDL)
109
What is the alveolar bone proper also known as?
Cribriform plate or bundle bone or lamina dura
110
What supports the alveolar bone?
- Cortical plate
- Spongy bone
111
Is spongy bone more abundant in the maxilla or mandible?
Maxilla
112
What is the function of alveolar bone remodeling?
Adjust bone architecture to meet changing mechanical needs and prevent the accumulation of old bone
113
What are the 5 phases of remodeling?
- resting
- Resorption
- Reversal
- Formation
- Mineralization
114
What phase of remodeling are osteocytes involved in?
Mineralization
115
What phase of remodeling are osteoblasts involved in?
Formation
116
What phase of remodeling are mononuclear cells involved in?
Reversal
117
What phase of remodeling are osteoclast cells involved in?
Resorption
118
What is it called when bacteria migrate inside the connective tissue and release bone resorbing mediators to induce osteoclastogenesis and bone loss?
Spatial consideration
119
What is it called when increased inflammatory mediators that prolong the resorption phase of bone remodeling?
Temporal consideration
120
What is uncoupling mediated by?
- Spatial consideration
- Temporal consideration
121
What causes alveolar bone loss in chronic inflammation as seen in periodontitis?
Uncoupling of bone formation from resorption
