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BISC 101: Midterm > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

A

Covalent bonds

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2
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

A

Electronegativity

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3
Q

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

A

Polarity

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4
Q

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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5
Q

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

A

van der Waals forces

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7
Q

solvent for polar molecules

A

Water

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8
Q

How to find k

A

products / reactants

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9
Q

more protons

A

acidic

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10
Q

more electrons less protons

A

basic

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11
Q

pka formula

A

ph - log (-A/HA)

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12
Q

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

A

Carboxyl group

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13
Q

deprotonated carboxylic acid

A

carboxylate

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14
Q

If the pH of a solution is greater than the pka of a compound, the compound is likely to be…

A

protonated

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15
Q

having received and containing an additional H+

A

protonated

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16
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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17
Q

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

A

protein

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18
Q

mediate transport across outer membrane into the cell membrane

A

beta barrel proteins

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19
Q

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

A

fatty acids

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20
Q

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

A

gel electrophoresis

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21
Q

A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

A

X-ray crystallography

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22
Q

A method of determining molecular structure that uses the relative position of carbons and hydrogens determined by the relative shielding and spins of electrons observed when a molecule is exposed to a magnetic field

A

NMR spectroscopy

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23
Q

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

A

nucleic acids

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24
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

A

DNA

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25
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
RNA
26
group attached to the sugar in dna and rna
Phosphate
27
A five-carbon sugar present in RNA
Ribose
28
A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides that is missing an O in the second carbon
Deoxyribose
29
An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous base
30
Cytosine and Thymine; single ring
Pyrimidines
31
Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)
purines
32
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine
Uracil
33
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Monomers
34
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
Nucleotides
35
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
ATP
36
two antiparallel strands twist into a double helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases (A-T, G-C) and hydrophobic interactions
DNA secondary structure
37
double helix forms compact structures by twisting into supercoils or wrapping around proteins
DNA tertiary structure
38
the protein that the DNA strands winds up around
Histomes
39
an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA.
polymerase
40
base pka
9-10 pka
41
acid pka
pka 4-5
42
ph
deprotonated
43
ph>pka
protonated
44
Bonds that missmatched base pairs form
stacking interactions
45
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms that is positively charged
amino-grouo
46
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
peptide bond
47
4-10 amino acids joined together
oligopeptide
48
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
polypeptide
49
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
protein secondary structure
50
Three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups.
protein tertiary structure
51
combo of 2 or more polypeptide chains
protein quaternary structure
52
Broken down simple sugars and polymers that provide energy to our cells
carbohydrates
53
short term energy, store energy, structural components, carry information
carbohydrates function
54
single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
55
Cn(H2O)n
carbohydrate formula
56
6 carbon sugar
Hexose
57
5 carbon sugar
pentose
58
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom at the head of a carbohydrate
carbonyl group
59
A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (alcohol groups)
hydroxyl group
60
CHO
aldehyde
61
RCOR
ketone
62
glucose on a monosaccarade that is down
a-glucose
63
The OH group of carbon 1 is above the ring.
b-glucose
64
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides connected by a glucosidic bond
Disaccharides
65
the bond found in sugars
glucosidic bond
66
short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10) that sit on the surface of a cell (blood typing)
Oligosaccharides
67
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides that are used for structual support
Polysaccharides
68
large storage forms of glucose found in plants and animals
starch and glycogen
69
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many plants
cellulose
70
Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
chitin
71
A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
peptidoglycan
72
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids
73
a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal(hydrophobic)
Non-polar
74
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. They are messengers
steroids
75
unesterified fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream
glycerol
76
lipids that are binded to something else
fats
77
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Phospholipids
78
A fat that is solid at room temperature and do not have double bonds
saturated fats
79
A fat that is liquid at room temperature and does have 1 to 4 double bonds
unsaturated fats
80
Energy-storing molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.
Neutral lipids
81
A one-unit fat; one fatty acid attached to a glycerol.
monoacylglycerol
82
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species. (mixture of simple lipids)
Pheromones
83
have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
Amphiphilic molecules
84
lipid tails are between phosphate heads creating a barrier
bilayer of phospholipids
85
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
selectively permeable
86
proteins associated with but not embedded within the plasma membrane
peripheral membrane proteins
87
proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane
integral membrane proteins
88
several alpha helices that associate in an antiparallel manner to form a bundle inside a cell membrane
a-helix bundle
89
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
90
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
facilitated diffusion
91
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
active transport
92
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Endocytosis

BISC 101: Midterm (6 decks)

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