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BISC 101: Midterm > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

A

Covalent bonds

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2
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

A

Electronegativity

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3
Q

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

A

Polarity

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4
Q

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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5
Q

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

A

van der Waals forces

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7
Q

solvent for polar molecules

A

Water

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8
Q

How to find k

A

products / reactants

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9
Q

more protons

A

acidic

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10
Q

more electrons less protons

A

basic

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11
Q

pka formula

A

ph - log (-A/HA)

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12
Q

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

A

Carboxyl group

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13
Q

deprotonated carboxylic acid

A

carboxylate

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14
Q

If the pH of a solution is greater than the pka of a compound, the compound is likely to be…

A

protonated

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15
Q

having received and containing an additional H+

A

protonated

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16
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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17
Q

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

A

protein

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18
Q

mediate transport across outer membrane into the cell membrane

A

beta barrel proteins

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19
Q

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

A

fatty acids

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20
Q

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

A

gel electrophoresis

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21
Q

A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

A

X-ray crystallography

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22
Q

A method of determining molecular structure that uses the relative position of carbons and hydrogens determined by the relative shielding and spins of electrons observed when a molecule is exposed to a magnetic field

A

NMR spectroscopy

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23
Q

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

A

nucleic acids

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24
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

A

DNA

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25
Q

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

A

RNA

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26
Q

group attached to the sugar in dna and rna

A

Phosphate

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27
Q

A five-carbon sugar present in RNA

A

Ribose

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28
Q

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides that is missing an O in the second carbon

A

Deoxyribose

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29
Q

An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

A

Nitrogenous base

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30
Q

Cytosine and Thymine; single ring

A

Pyrimidines

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31
Q

Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)

A

purines

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32
Q

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine

A

Uracil

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33
Q

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

A

Monomers

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34
Q

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

A

Nucleotides

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35
Q

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

A

ATP

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36
Q

two antiparallel strands twist into a double helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases (A-T, G-C) and hydrophobic interactions

A

DNA secondary structure

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37
Q

double helix forms compact structures by twisting into supercoils or wrapping around proteins

A

DNA tertiary structure

38
Q

the protein that the DNA strands winds up around

A

Histomes

39
Q

an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA.

A

polymerase

40
Q

base pka

A

9-10 pka

41
Q

acid pka

A

pka 4-5

42
Q

ph<pka

A

deprotonated

43
Q

ph>pka

A

protonated

44
Q

Bonds that missmatched base pairs form

A

stacking interactions

45
Q

a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms that is positively charged

A

amino-grouo

46
Q

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

A

peptide bond

47
Q

4-10 amino acids joined together

A

oligopeptide

48
Q

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A

polypeptide

49
Q

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

A

protein secondary structure

50
Q

Three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups.

A

protein tertiary structure

51
Q

combo of 2 or more polypeptide chains

A

protein quaternary structure

52
Q

Broken down simple sugars and polymers that provide energy to our cells

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

short term energy, store energy, structural components, carry information

A

carbohydrates function

54
Q

single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose

A

Monosaccharides

55
Q

Cn(H2O)n

A

carbohydrate formula

56
Q

6 carbon sugar

A

Hexose

57
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

pentose

58
Q

a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom at the head of a carbohydrate

A

carbonyl group

59
Q

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (alcohol groups)

A

hydroxyl group

60
Q

CHO

A

aldehyde

61
Q

RCOR

A

ketone

62
Q

glucose on a monosaccarade that is down

A

a-glucose

63
Q

The OH group of carbon 1 is above the ring.

A

b-glucose

64
Q

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides connected by a glucosidic bond

A

Disaccharides

65
Q

the bond found in sugars

A

glucosidic bond

66
Q

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10) that sit on the surface of a cell (blood typing)

A

Oligosaccharides

67
Q

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides that are used for structual support

A

Polysaccharides

68
Q

large storage forms of glucose found in plants and animals

A

starch and glycogen

69
Q

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many plants

A

cellulose

70
Q

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

A

chitin

71
Q

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

A

peptidoglycan

72
Q

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

Lipids

73
Q

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal(hydrophobic)

A

Non-polar

74
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. They are messengers

A

steroids

75
Q

unesterified fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream

A

glycerol

76
Q

lipids that are binded to something else

A

fats

77
Q

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

A

Phospholipids

78
Q

A fat that is solid at room temperature and do not have double bonds

A

saturated fats

79
Q

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and does have 1 to 4 double bonds

A

unsaturated fats

80
Q

Energy-storing molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.

A

Neutral lipids

81
Q

A one-unit fat; one fatty acid attached to a glycerol.

A

monoacylglycerol

82
Q

Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species. (mixture of simple lipids)

A

Pheromones

83
Q

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups

A

Amphiphilic molecules

84
Q

lipid tails are between phosphate heads creating a barrier

A

bilayer of phospholipids

85
Q

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

A

selectively permeable

86
Q

proteins associated with but not embedded within the plasma membrane

A

peripheral membrane proteins

87
Q

proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane

A

integral membrane proteins

88
Q

several alpha helices that associate in an antiparallel manner to form a bundle inside a cell membrane

A

a-helix bundle

89
Q

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

diffusion

90
Q

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

A

facilitated diffusion

91
Q

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

A

active transport

92
Q

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

BISC 101: Midterm (6 decks)

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