Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

mcdb1A > macromolecules > Flashcards

macromolecules Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is shared among every form of life?

A

some core components
-macromolecules
-water
-ions and small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All cells are made up of..

A

macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

macromolecules (list them)

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the factor of each macromolecule in every form of life (how much of each)

A

mostly proteins
then nucleic acids
then carbs
then lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are macromolecules

A

polymers
except lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is every macromolecule composed of

A

each type of macromolecule is composed of individual types of units called monomers

every monomer has a hydroxide and H+ to link each monomer to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do macromolecules differ from one another

A

-length
-bonds
-branching
-rings
-presence of functional groups

^^ these lead to macromolecules having different shapes and thus different tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are macromolecules assembled

A

with dehydration reactions/condensation reaction

-water is removed when synthesizing a polymer

-H+ of polymer and OH- of the unlinked monomer react to form a water molecule that leaves and creates a bond between the polymer and monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are macromolecules broken down

A

by hydrolysis reactions

adding a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the energy abundance and change in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

A

dehydration reactions require energy

hydrolysis reactions produce energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uses of Carbohydrates

A

energy storage (main function)

identification of a compound

structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

characteristics of carbohydrates

A

variation in carbohydrates comes from differences in sizes

all follow the general molecular formula CH2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the most common carbohydrate used by organisms on earth

A

6 carbon sugars

glucose
broken down and used as primary energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the individual monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

difference between beta and alpha structures in carbohydrates

A

the OH below the plane = alpha
the OH above the plane = beta

if the bond between monomers is facing down —> alpha
if the bond between monomers is facing up = beta bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why does it matter if there is a beta bond vs an alpha bond

A

alpha bonds have biological enzymes that can break them down
mammals don’t have enzymes that can break apart beta bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the name of the bond formed between two carbohydrates

A

glycosidic bond
covalent bond using oxygen as a bridge
ether bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the building blocks of carbohydrates (4 different hierarchical categories of units they can be found in)

A

monosaccharides
-individual units to build larger carbs

disaccharides
-two monosaccharides linked by covalent bond

oligosaccharides
-3-20 monosaccharides

polysaccharides
-hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The structural differences in carbohydrates are what dictates__-

A

their physical properties
could be storage carbs or structural carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

storage molecules
(carbs)

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

starch vs glycogen

A

starch - storage carbs in plants
- mostly linear with some branches
-soluble

glycogen - storage carbs in mammals
- more branched
-highly water insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

structural molecule
(carbs)

A

cellulose
-highly structured, most common organic compound
-creates cell wall of plant cells
-completely linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do carbs serve as identification

A

they are on the surface of cells and tells what the cell is/is for
ex:
surface of red blood cells have oligosaccharides which allows for the identification of blood cells/blood type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how could you eliminate the immune reaction to the wrong blood type

A

break away the monomer(of the oligosaccharide) on the cell surface that prohibits identification of a blood cell as O type
O type has the basic 4 ring structure of blood cell carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
when/how do you get branching in carbohydrates?
every time you get an alpha 1 to 6 bond you get branching carbon 1 and carbon 6 of two monomers bond the difference between the number of branching is due to the number of alpha 1 to 6 bonds
26
describe the properties/shape of cellulose, starch, and glycogen and what that does to its function
cellulose is highly structured and linear & has beta bonds so it can’t be digested starch is slightly branched but mostly linear -allows it to bind to water but forms clumps glycogen very branched highly water insoluble
27
uses of lipids
energy storage insulation(electrical thermal) hormone signaling membrane fluidity
28
characteristics of lipids
-non-polar -hydrophobic -long chain of ”hydrocarbons” -C2H2O -technically not a polymer
29
why is a lipids technically not a polymer
monomers are not covalently bonded together the proximity of the atoms allow lipids to stack well through van der Waals forces
30
lipids
diverse group of hydrophobic molecules long HC chains make it hydrophobic but allow it to store lots of energy
31
Triglycerides
fats or oils made of glycerol backbone and fatty acids ester linkage between backbone and fatty acid chain
32
fatty acid chain
hydrocarbon chain
33
saturated versus unsaturated fats
unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp saturated fats solid at room temp saturated fats have max # of hydrogens unsaturated fats don’t have the max number of hydrogens due to a C=C double bond that causes a kink in the fatty acid that creates space.
34
phospholipids
-type of lipid -make up phospholipid bilayer membrane of a cell -amphipathic -hydrophobic and hydrophilic components -involved in signaling but also membrane structure
35
how is a phospholipid amphipathic
can interact with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments hydrophilic head phosphate head interacts with water hydrophobic tails two fatty acid tails
36
how does tail length affect fluidity of phospholipid bilayer
longer tails make it less fluid more atoms(in the tails and in the head) are closer together so the phospholipids have more van der waals forces holding them together
37
how do unsaturated fats in phospholipid fatty acid tails affect fluidity
kinks in fats prevent packing of phospholipids and reduces the van der waals forces between the lipids less packed togehter makes it more fluid
38
how does cholesterol affect fluidity of phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol reduces fluidity at moderate temperatures, but at low temperatures it allows for fluidity as it hinders solidification of the bilayer
39
what would you expect to find in the membrane of an amoeba living near the permafrost of the artic
they will have a high conc. of unsaturated phospholipid tails to allow the membrane to remain fluid in cold temps. or they can have more cholesterol to hinder solidification
40
function of proteins
everything except information storage enzymatic proteins, defensive proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, contractile and motor proteins, structural proteins
41
monomers of proteins
aminoacids 20 chemically distinct amino acids exist differ by R-group
42
amino acid features
amino group carboxyl group (COOH) R-group (responsible for diversity of amino acid) Ca —> central carbon atom (alpha carbon)
43
r-groups
vary in chemical size but also properties nonpolar, polar, or charged
44
what are the links between amino acids
peptide bonds covalent bond formed by condensation reaction
45
growth and directionality of amino acid chains
new amino acids added to C-side of amino acid C-side = COOH side OH of C-side bonds to a H on N-side of new amino acid N-side = start of peptide NH2 amino group and carboxyl group bond
46
amino acids linked together form a
peptide small, unprocessed chain
47
how come all proteins are peptides but only long peptides are proteins
proteins are long and processed
48
primary structure
long chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds have an amino acid end (Nterminus) and Carboxyl end (C Terminus)
49
Secondary structure
primary structure wound into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet by hydrogen bonds alpha helix is a coil caused by the proximity of oxygen and hydrogen bonds
50
tertiary structures
secondary structures fold back onto themselves to form tertiary structures helix wrapped around itself uniquely bonded by r-groups driven by hydrophobic interactions, stabilized by disulfide bridges and ionic interactions
51
quaternary structure
association of independent polypeptide chains to form a functional protein (hemoglobin) 2 or more tertiary proteins wrapped together
52
Nucleic acids primary use
storage, transmission, and use of genetic material
53
nucleic acids monomers
nucleotides
54
nucleic acids features
highly charged sugar-phosphate backbone directionality - 5’ end and 3’ end base complementary
55
3 components that make up the monomers of nucleic acids (nucleotides)
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate groups
56
explain the role of the carbons in the pentose sugar
carbon 1 is where the nitrogenous base is attached carbon 2 identifies what sugar we have carbon 5 is where the phosphate group is located
57
nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines : cytosine, uracil, thymine one-carbon nitrogen ring base purines: adenine, guanine two-carbon nitrogen base
58
which nitrogenous bases pair with which
adenine and thymine(in DNA) adenine and uracil (in RNA) guanine and cytosine
59
what type of bond is between nitrogenous base pairs
hydrogen bonds
60
differences in bond strength between nitrogenous base pairs
2 hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine stronger
61
how do nucleotide monomers give polymers of nucleotides directionality
new nucleotides are added to nucleic acids through OH of sugar in nucleotide bonding to hydrogen in phosphate od phosphate head of another every new nucleotide is added to 3’ end always grow 5’ to 3’
62
how is a deoxyribose sugar and ribose sugar different
deoxyribose sugar has an H at the 2 carbon ribose has an OH at thr 2 carbon
63
two types of nucleic acids
DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid RNA; Ribonucleic acid they both carry genetic info
64
difference between dna and rna
rna is single-stranded -allows for folding and attraction between complimentary regions on itself -diverse structures dna is double stranded rna has ribose sugar with OH at 2-carbon dna has deoxyribose sugar with H at 2-carbon
65
%’s of nitrogenous bases in double stranded DNA
%adenine = %thymine %guanine = %cytosine
66
DNA structure
forms double-stranded structures antiparallel strands hydrogen bonds link the two strands together
67
what did rosalind franklin do
used x-ray crystallography to discover structure of DNA found that it was double stranded and the sugar phosphate was on the outside

mcdb1A (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions