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mcdb1A > prokaryotes vs eukaryotes > Flashcards

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A

cells are fundamental unit of life

all living organisms are composed of cells

all cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

microscopy

A

watching and learning about cells by lookng at their movement

light microscopy
fluorescent microscopy
electron microscopy

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3
Q

difference between the three microscopy methods

A

light microscopy - you can basically just see the cell

fluorescent microscopy - bright/neon

electron microscopy - must be fixed –> cells must be killed

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4
Q

kill and spill

A

way to investigate cells outside of microscopy

  • cell fractionation
  • centrifugation
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5
Q

cell fractionation

A

blow up cells and separate major organelles and structure from one another

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6
Q

centrifugation

A

spin lysate at increasing speeds to separate out the alrger, then progressively smaller fragments

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7
Q

life is segmented into what three main domains

A

archaea
eukaryotic
bacteria

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8
Q

prokaryotes characteristsics

A

don’t have membrane bound organelles

no nucleus

they have ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleoid

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9
Q

peptidoglycan cell wall

A

cell wall that bacterial cells have

made out of plasma membrane with peptidoglycan on top of it

peptidoglycan is made up of peptides holding two carbohydrates
- NAM and NAG carbohydrates interlinked and bound by oligosaccharides

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10
Q

different cell wall architecture between two types of bacteria

A

gram-positive
gram - negative

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11
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

purple stained cell
made up of layers of peptidoglycan
only rely n the layers of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

gram-negative

A

one layer of peptidoglycan
two double membranes
have lipopolysaccharides

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13
Q

different bacteria shapes

A

cocci-round
bacilli-rod shaped
spiral

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14
Q

antibiotic drugs/ how they work

example

A

destroy cell wall to kill bacteria
ex: penicillin binds to protein and inhibits its function

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15
Q

ways to kill bacteria

A

cell wall synthesis
dna replication
translation
folic acid metabolism

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16
Q

bacterial flagella –> what they do how they move

A

flagella allows identification of bacterial cell type

flagella made up of flagellin

counterclockwise movement of flagella allows them to move forward

clockwise makes them tumble

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17
Q

pili

A

short, hollow tread-like structure on bacterial cell

allows bacteria to adhere to one another and to each other

also allows for bacterial conjugation

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18
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

bacterial sex

one bacteria has a specific plasmid

the bacteria with the plasmid contacts the other bacteria with pilus

dna polymerase reads the dna and replicates the plasmid

both bacteria now have the plasmid

allows them to learn how to protect themselves from antibiotics

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19
Q

plasmid

A

smaller than chromosomal dna but carries many genes
circular

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20
Q

Why do we breathe in oxygen and respire carbon dioxide

A

Oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation and the carbon dioxide is a waste product in pyruvate oxidation and the TCA cycle

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21
Q

Limits to cellular size

why are cells so small

A

Smaller cells allow for faster diffusion of gasses

Closer the mitochondria is to the surface, the faster that diffusion will occur

Get nutrients in and waste products out → easier with smaller cells

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22
Q

Why are we not made up of three giant cells

A

Cells must be small so diffusion of nutrients and waste products can occur efficiently

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23
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Single cells
Limited capabilities
Every function must be done by one cell

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24
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Can be larger in size because many cells are working for one organism
More specialized functions

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25
All life shares:
Dna is the genetic material of life Cells are surrounded by a membrane Have ribosomes that perform translation Similar metabolism Similar chemical composition
26
4 major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes can be both unicellular and multicellular but tend to be multicellular → prokaryotes are unicellular Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles that are surrounded by plasma membrane Eukaryotes are 10 to 100 times larger Eukaryotes have cytoplasm complexity - have many Organelles
27
Nucleus
have a Double membrane called Nuclear envelope Contain nucleolus, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina, etc
28
Nucleolus
Site for assembling ribosomes
29
chromosomes
Large dna molecules attached to proteins that regulate their expression Compacting or relaxing dna to change how accessible they are
30
Lamin
Packaging material part of the cytoskeleton of the cell Made of many proteins Role is to protect dna
31
nuclear pores
regulate what comes in and out of the nucleus Nuclear pore checks to make sure pre-mrna is processed into mature rna before it is sent to the cytoplasm
32
exportins
proteins responsible for allowing mrna to leave
33
how do we get things inside the nucleus
they must have some sort of id nuclear localization sequence of proteins embedded in organelles “postal code” recognized by protein called importin that allow things to enter nucleus
34
integral membrane proteins
proteins that are a part of the endomembrane system list: - rough er - smooth er - golgi apparatus -lysosomes
35
what two things make up endoplasmic reticulum
rough er - plasma membrane that is flattened out but with ribosomes on it smooth er - flattened out plasma membrane without any ribosomes on it
36
golgi apparatus structure
stack of plasma membrane discs that are adjacent to one another
37
lysosomes structure
bubbles of fat sacs
38
in order for proteins to be secreted out of the cell or to stay in the plasma membrane to go into any of these organelles, you need a ____
signaling peptide s.p. must be at the n-terminus(first sequence to be read)
39
in order to remain in endomembrane system. proteins need
a retention sequence
40
Suppose you wish to determine the identity of a mitochondrial import peptide sequence that is part of a protein, which is encoded by the nuclear genome, that functions in the electron transport chain. You suspect the sequence is MAMAMAMA. What would be best to do to establish the identity of the sequence
show the MAMAMAMA sequence is necessary for import by deleting it from the protein and measuring import of the protein into the mitochondria show the sequence is sufficient for import by adding it to an enzyme in glycolysis and measuring import of the protein into the mitochondria
41
the mcdb1a protein is synthesized by both muscle and liver cells. in liver cells, mcdb1a protein is found free floating around the cytoplasm; in contrast, it is never found free in the cytoplasm of muscle cells but is always sent to the nucleus. what must be true about the MCDB1A mRNA?
muscle MCDB1a mRNA is likely larger than liver MCDB1A mRNA due to the NLS sequence
42
nuclear lamina
support nucleus inside of the membrane (skeleton of nucleus) 3 types of lamin in humans but they are only made up of 2 separate genes (A,B,C) splicing allows for the different types of lamin
43
progeria
medical condition caused by mutations in lamin premature aging due to abnormal nucleus shape
44
endomembrane system
composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles/lysosomes, and vacuoles dense network of closed membrane tubules, closed vesicles, and closed sacs bubbles of fat that are flattened or pinched into different shapes/organelles single phospholipid bilayer membrane there is a constant movement in the system
45
endomembrane system function
sequester - lock molecules/particles into the cisternal space of the vesicles or sacs transport - transport sequestered molecules around or out of the cell chemical modification -chemically modify sequestered molecules
46
endocytosis vs exocytosis
exocytosis release of cargo outside of the cell contents of the vesicle are released by the fusion of plasma membrane of vesicle and of the cell endocytosis indagination eating molecules outside the cell to bring them in
47
lysosome
vesicle with digestive enzymes that can break down molecules that are ingested proteases break down proteins nucleases that break down nucleic acids glycosylases that break down carbohydrates
48
what family does lysosome and its digestive enzymes belong to
hydrolases they use water to break the macromolecules down into monomeric units
49
vesicles
bubble of fat made up of one phospholipid bilayer circular, small mobile, single-membrane organelle that moves things around throughout the cell little sacs vesicles are pinched out from plasma membrane, carrying contents in it when indagination occurs to restore the portion of the plasma membrane lost from this, the vesicle fuses to the membrane and releases its contents during exocytosis
50
rough er
has ribosomes attached to its surface synthesizes proteins with signaling peptides proteins with signaling peptides is detected by proteins that dock it into the er. then the ribosome takes the protein and secretes it into the er protein goes through rough er, smooth er, golgi, and outside the cell make all secreted proteins
51
smooth er
lacks ribosomes ribosomes font dock into er synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs and poison, store Ca2+ Ca2+ is a signaling molecule for several different mechanisms calcium is stored in smooth er
52
golgi body
same as others, bubble made out of fat but it has been flattened into tubes called cisternae moves and transports things through cisternae
53
cisternae
makes up golgi body two faces cis face (points towards nucleus) receives things into the cell trans face (pointing to outside of the cell) ships out the cell molecules move from cis to trans and are chemically modified
54
insulin
protein that your pancreas secretes to let your body know there is sugar in your blood
55
vacuole
store toxic waste materials store food, nutrients, ions, metabolites
56
mitochondria
about the size of a bacterial cell produces ATP regulates Ca2+ in the cytosol regulates programmed cell death grow and divide via binary fission have their own chromosome
57
the number of mitochondria depend on the cell why?
if you have a cell that does a lot of work, you will have a lot of mitochondria in one cell
58
what does the mitochondria having its own chromosome mean
encodes ribosomal rna, trna, atp synthase, etc proteins
59
retrograde transport
when proteins move from nucleus to mitochondria require mitochondrial localization sequence to occur
60
plastids
family of organelles that are double membrane main function is to synthesize sugars (chloroplasts) store pigments and starches (chromoplasts, leucoplast)
61
chloroplasts
presents in plants and protists thylakoid membranes stack to form grana/granum contain light harvesting pigments called chlorophyll to synthesize sugars two reactions occur in chloroplasts
62
what occurs in chloroplasts
photosynthesis
63
two reactions of photosynthesis
light reactions calvin cycle
64
light reactions - photosynthesis
occurs in membranes of chloroplast thylakoids harvest energy of sun use energy holding hydrogen and oxygen together in a water molecule to produce ATP pass down high energy electrons using sunlight, which excites the electrons in the chlorophyll electrons make their way down an atp synthase to produce atp nadp+ is the electron acceptor, nadph is the electron carrier
65
calvin cycle
happen in stroma (liquid around thylakoids) takes co2 from the air and creates glucose reduces CO2 to sucrose

mcdb1A (11 decks)

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