macromolecules

Question 1

5 ways the carbon backbone can vary

Answer 1

Length (number of carbons)
Branching
Number of double bonds
Circularization
Isomerization

Question 2

what’s is the Max H that 2 C’s can hold. what happens if a compound holds less than this

Answer 2

6
means its unsaturated

Question 3

what’s unsaturated

Answer 3

carbon backbone with not the max number of H’s bonded
- DOUBLE BONDS SHOW THIS

Question 4

what’s saturated

Answer 4

carbon backbone with the max number of H’s bonded

Question 5

isomerization meaning

Answer 5

Things with identical chemical formulas but different structures

Question 6

3 ways isomers can vary in structure

Answer 6

-Structural
-Geometric
-Enantiomers

Question 7

what does Cis and Trans mean in geometric isomer variation

Answer 7

• Cis = X on the same side of the horizontal line – no rotation around that bond
• Trans - X on opposite side of the horizontal line – allow rotation around that bond

Question 8

Enantiomers variation in isomers

Answer 8

structure is mirrored

Question 9

4 Biological macromolecules

Answer 9

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 10

reaction that brings monomers together

Answer 10

dehydration synthesis (lose water)

Question 11

reaction that breaks monomers apart

Answer 11

hydrolysis (add water)

Question 12

carbohydrates / sugar monomers, polymers and type of bond

Answer 12

Monosaccharides - CH2O (generally)
Polysaccharides
Glycosidic linkages

Question 13

Lipid monomers, polymers and type of bond

Answer 13

Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Ester linkages

Question 14

Proteins monomers, polymers and type of bond

Answer 14

Amino acids
Polypeptides
Peptide bonds

Question 15

Nucleic acid monomers, polymers and type of bond

Answer 15

Nucleotides
Polynucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds

Question 16

what are carbohydrates classified by

Answer 16

location of the carbonyl – tells you if it’s an ALDOSE or KETOSE

Question 17

3 things carbohydrates are classified by

Answer 17

• location of the carbonyl (aldose or ketose)
• number of carbons (length of chain)
• spatial arrangement e.g. alpha or beta glucose

Question 18

location of carbonyl on aldose and ketose carbohydrates

Answer 18

Aldose = carbonyl on end (top or bottom) ^
Ketose = carbonyl in middle <

Question 19

Monosaccharides importance in cells

Answer 19

serves as fuel source

Question 20

what are Disaccharides

Answer 20

2 monos joined by a dehydration synthesis

Question 21

3 types of disaccharides

Answer 21

• Maltose = glucose + glucose
• Sucrose (poison) = glucose + fructose
• lactose = galactose + glucose

Question 22

what are Polysaccharides

Answer 22

polymers of sugar

Question 23

2 types of polysaccharides

Answer 23

• Starch & glycogen
• cellulose

Question 24

Starch & glycogen characteristics

Answer 24

• Store energy
  S = plant
  G = animals
• Alpha glucose monomer (OH on bottom)
• Helicase shape
• human digestible

Question 25

cellulose characteristics

Answer 25

- Provides structure to plants / involved in fibre - Beta glucose monomer (OH on top) - Linear sheets shape - not human digestible

Question 26

difference between alpha and beta glucose polymers

Answer 26

- alpha glucose polymers spiral and form helix - beta glucose polymers impossible to spiral (linear) but create strong fibres by lining up by hydroxyl groups

Question 27

3 types of lipids

Answer 27

Fats Phospholipids Steroids

Question 28

lipids characteristic

Answer 28

- oils - non polar

Question 29

fats major function

Answer 29

energy storage

Question 30

what 2 smaller molecules are fats Constructed from

Answer 30

Fatty acids (3) Glycerol (1)

Question 31

2 things Fatty acids vary in

Answer 31

length of carbon chain degree of saturation

Question 32

what are Saturated fatty acids

Answer 32

- maximum number of H - no double bonds (means there is free rotation aka TRANS) – allows them to come together and nest to hide from water - solid at room temp (all animal fats except fish are saturated)

Question 33

what are unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 33

- missing amount of H bonds - 1 or more double bonds - causes a kink (no free rotation around the bond aka CIS) - molecules cannot stack on one another - liquids at room temp (fat of plants and fish)

Question 34

what are phospholipids constructed from

Answer 34

2 fatty acids Phosphate group Glycerol

Question 35

important characteristic of phospholipids

Answer 35

Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head (phosphate group)

Question 36

Major role of phospholipids

Answer 36

cell membrane - When put into water they self-assemble into a phospholipid bilayer - Hydrophilic head on outside + Hydrophobic tail on inside

Question 37

Steroids structure

Answer 37

Carbon skeleton of 4 rings (3 x 6sided and 1 x 5sided) - see notes for drawing

Question 38

most common steroid and its 2 important roles

Answer 38

cholesterol - Important component of lipid bilayers - Precursor for signalling molecules

Question 39

where is cholesterol synthesised

Answer 39

liver