Macromolecules (Exam 2)

Question 1

Define inorganic molecule in terms of composition

Answer 1

Lack carbon, all other molecules

Question 2

Define organic molecule in terms of composition.

Answer 2

Molecules that contain carbon
Most are a component of living organisms
Biological macromolecules (biomolecules) are a subset

Question 3

What common elements are found in proteins

Answer 3

CHON +/- sulfur

Question 4

What common elements are found in carbohydrates

Answer 4

CHO

Question 5

What common elements are found in lipids

Answer 5

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 6

Describe at least 3 common functions of lipids.

Answer 6

Stored nutrients/energy
Cellular membrane components
Hormones
Cushioning
Insulation

Question 7

What are the four classes of lipids?

Answer 7

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

Question 8

Which lipid is considered to be “dietary fats”?

Answer 8

Triglycerides

Question 9

Examples of unsaturated fats

Answer 9

Fish
Some oils- olive, peanut, canola, corn
Nuts, seeds, avocados
“Liquids”

Question 10

Examples of saturated fats

Answer 10

Fatty meats
Dairy products- cream, whole milk, cheese, etc.
Processed foods
“Solids”

Question 11

Which fat is considered to be more healthy for you and why?

Question 12

Define lipolysis

Question 13

Define lipogenesis

Question 14

Describe the structure of phospholipid

Answer 14

One end is glycerol, phosphate, and organic group (polar): known as the hydrophilic head
One end is fatty acids (non-polar): known as hydrophobic tails

Question 15

Describe the structure of steroid

Answer 15

Composed of hydrocarbons arranged in a multi-ringed structure
Differ in the side chains extending from their rings

Question 16

Describe the structure of eicosanoid

Answer 16

Modified 20-carbon fatty acids synthesized from arachidonic acid, membrane component

Question 17

Describe the structure of triglyceride

Answer 17

Formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

Question 18

Which class of lipid is found commonly in cell membrane structure?

Answer 18

Phospholipids

Question 19

Give two examples of lipid steroids.

Answer 19

cholesterol
hormones
bile
salts

Question 20

Describe two functions of eicosanoids.

Answer 20

Inflammatory pathways (including pain response)
Immune response

Question 21

Give three examples of monosaccharides. Which monosaccharides is the most common in the body?

Answer 21

Glucose, galactose, fructose
Glucose

Question 22

Give two examples of disaccharides.

Answer 22

Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)

Question 23

Define a polysaccharide. Which polysaccharide is the most common in the body?

Answer 23

Three or more carbs bonded together
glycogen

Question 24

How do we gain energy from carbohydrates?

Question 25

Which monosaccharide is considered to be “blood sugar”?

Answer 25

Glucose

Question 26

Describe the relationship between glucose and glycogen.

Answer 26

Glucose is converted to glycogen for short-term storage

Question 27

How does carb-loading work? What is the purpose of carb-loading?

Question 28

Give two examples of nucleic aids.

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 29

Which nucleotides are found within DNA? RNA?

Answer 29

Adenine (A) - DNA and RNA Thymine (T) - DNA only Uracil (U) - RNA only Guanine (G) - DNA and RNA Cytosine (C) - DNA and RNA

Question 30

Describe the components of a nucleotide.

Answer 30

Pentose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Question 31

Which nucleotides bind together in DNA? What kind of bonds are found between nucleotides?

Answer 31

Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cytosine

Question 32

What kind of bonds are found between nucleotides?

Question 33

Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?

Question 34

What is the structure of ATP? What is ATP used for?

Answer 34

Adenine and Uracil Guanine and Cytosine

Question 35

Describe at least 4 specific functions of proteins.

Question 36

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

Question 37

How many amino acids are there? Of those, how many are considered to be “essential”? What does this mean?

Answer 37

20 naturally existing amino acids 9 are essential

Question 38

Distinguish between the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of a protein. Of these, which is considered to the be “final” shape for most proteins?

Answer 38

Primary: a linear sequence of amino acids Secondary: structural patterns due to hydrogen bonds Tertiary: final 3-D shape for most proteins Tertiary is the final shape for most proteins

Question 39

What is an example of a quaternary protein?

Answer 39

Hemoglobin

Question 40

Define the term protein denaturation. What factors may result in protein denaturation?

Answer 40

Disruption of protein shape Disturbs protein activity → loss of function Usually irreversible