Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Polymer

Answer 1

A large molecule made up of repeating subunits

Question 2

Monomer for Nucleic Acids

Answer 2

Nucleotides

Question 3

what is a nucleotide

Answer 3

The building block of nucleic acids (DNA) and (RNA)

Question 4

The three parts of a nucleic Acid

Answer 4

1. Phosphate Group
2. Five-carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous Base

Question 5

Five-Carbon sugar

Answer 5

Deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)

Question 6

Phosphate group function

Answer 6

Provides a negative charge

Question 7

Nitrogenous base

Answer 7

A molecule containing nitrogen that acts as a building block of Nucleotides

Question 8

Purine

Answer 8

Double-ring Structure, Adenine and Guanine

Question 9

Pyrimidines

Answer 9

Single-ring structure, cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Question 10

Adenine

Answer 10

Purine, bonds to Thymine (T) or Uracil (U)

Question 11

Guanine

Answer 11

Purine, bonds to Cytosine (C)

Question 12

Cytosine

Answer 12

Pyrimidine, bonds to Guanine (G)

Question 13

Thymine

Answer 13

Pyrimidine, bonds to Adenine (A), only in DNA

Question 14

Uracil

Answer 14

Pyrimidine, bonds to Adenine (A), only in RNA

Question 15

Nitrogenous base links to which Carbon

Answer 15

The First Carbon

Question 16

Which Carbon links to the phosphate group

Answer 16

The Fifth Carbon

Question 17

Ribose

Answer 17

Five carbon sugar in RNA

Question 18

Deoxyribose

Answer 18

Five Carbon sugar found in DNA

Question 19

Polymerization

Answer 19

Polymerization is the process by which monomers link together to form large macromolecules (polymers) through chemical reactions

Question 20

Condensation Reaction

Answer 20

A condensation reaction is when two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a small molecule like water (H₂O)

Question 21

Hydrolysis

Answer 21

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water (H₂O) is added to break down a larger molecule into smaller components.

Question 22

ATP

Answer 22

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various biological processes.

Question 23

ATP uses

Answer 23

ATP is required for linking amino acids into proteins.
ATP is involved in the polymerization of nucleotides to form DNA and RNA.

Question 24

ATP Energy Key points

Answer 24

Energy is stored in the high-energy bonds between phosphate groups.
Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate group

Question 25

Semi-conservative

Answer 25

Each strand serves as a template to build new strands

Question 26

Nucleic acid primary structure

Answer 26

Nucleotide sequence

Question 27

DNA secondary structure

Answer 27

Double Helix

Question 28

RNA secondary structure

Answer 28

Local folding of the RNA strands, creating hairpins and loops

Question 29

Secondary structure for Both DNA and RNA is bonded by

Answer 29

Hydrogen bonds

Question 30

DNA Tertiary

Answer 30

DNA starts to coil to make super coils, which coil around proteins

Question 31

DNA Quaternary

Answer 31

Coiling Chromatin

Question 32

RNA Tertiary

Answer 32

Forms 3D shapes

Question 33

RNA Quaternary

Answer 33

Several RNA associate

Question 34

DNA Replication

Answer 34

Semi-conservative

Question 35

RNA Replication

Answer 35

There is no template

Question 36

DNA function

Answer 36

Long term data storage Contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism Provides the template for RNA synthesis

Question 37

RNA Function

Answer 37

Data usage Short term storage

Question 38

tRNA

Answer 38

Transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, ensuring that the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 39

mRNA

Answer 39

Carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs (translation)

Question 40

Step 1 of semi-conservative replication

Answer 40

Strand Separation: Molecule unzips, hydrogen bonds break, requires heat or enzymes

Question 41

Step 2 of semi-conservative replication

Answer 41

Base pairing: Attach to base pairing

Question 42

Step 3 of semi-conservative replication

Answer 42

Polymerization

Question 43

Chemical Evolution

Answer 43

The assumption simple chemicals became the first cells

Question 44

Evolution needs

Answer 44

Heritable variation The variation to aid survival To be able to replicate

Question 45

Ribozymes

Answer 45

The Tertiary structure of RNA, allows them to act as catalysts

Question 46

Phosphodiester Linkage

Answer 46

A phosphodiester linkage is a type of bond that links nucleotides together in the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules It forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar (specifically the 3' carbon of the sugar) of another nucleotide