Macrophages and Early Response to Microbial Invasion

Question 1

What is the structure of the nucleus of neutrophils?

Answer 1

it is condensed chromatin - segmented

Question 2

What are neutrophils considered in regards to a bacterial infection?

Answer 2

it is the first line of defense

Question 3

How long do neutrophils circulate?

Answer 3

8-10 hours

Question 4

What are neutrophils removed by?

Answer 4

migration into the gut or by Kuepfer cells in the liver

Question 5

How long can neutrophils live in normal tissue?

Answer 5

1-2 days

Question 6

In tissues, how do neutrophils die?

Answer 6

via apoptosis

Question 7

Are neutrophils innate or adaptive?

Answer 7

innate

Question 8

What is the origin of neutrophils and macrophages?

Answer 8

bone marrow

Question 9

Where are macrophages located?

Answer 9

in tissue

Question 10

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 10

sentinel cells, present antigen, kill and phagocytose bacteria, repair themselves, part of chronic infection, accumulate if neutrophil fails

Question 11

What type of inflammation is associated with neutrophils?

Answer 11

acute

Question 12

Is a macrophage or a neutrophil associeated with abcesses?

Answer 12

neutrophil

Question 13

Is a macrophage or a neutrophil associeated with granulomas?

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

What are the central roles that a macrophage plays in the immune system?

Answer 14

antigen presentation, sentinel cells, phagocytosis

Question 15

Where are resident macrophages located?

Answer 15

bone, liver, brain, kidney, lung

Question 16

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in bone?

Answer 16

osteoclasts for remodeling

Question 17

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the liver?

Answer 17

Kupffer cell for removing bacteria

Question 18

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the brain?

Answer 18

microglial cells for clean up

Question 19

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the kidney?

Answer 19

mesangial cell for trapping and removal of bacteria

Question 20

What is the name and function of the resident macrophage in the lungs?

Answer 20

Pams for cleaning up bacteria

Question 21

What is a sentinel cell?

Answer 21

defender cells that detect microbial entry and release pro-inflammatory cytokines to protect themselves and the cell

Question 22

What are the types of sentinel cells?

Answer 22

dendrites, mast cells, and macrophages

Question 23

Where are the patern recognition receptors found?

Answer 23

on cell surfaces and intercellular membranes

Question 24

What do PRRs bind to and what is their function?

Answer 24

they bind to pAMPs and dAMPS to initiate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, produce IL2 (for NK cells), and produce nitroc oxide

Question 25

What is a pAMP?

Answer 25

pathogen associated molecular patterns: molecules produced by microorganisms but not mammalian cells

Question 26

What is a dAMP?

Answer 26

damage associated molecular patterns: molecules found within mammalian cells and released when the cell is damaged or dies

Question 27

How to pAMPs and dAMPs work?

Answer 27

Bind to PRR to Upregulate proinflammatory cytokines which activate the innate immune system, neutrophils, macrophages, and the adaptive immune system to be ready to respond

Question 28

What does a macrophage do when something has bound to its pattern recognition receptor?

Answer 28

Initiate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, produce IL2 (for NK cells), and produce nitroc oxide

Question 29

Define inflammasome.

Answer 29

complex in the cytosol that is important in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 30

What are major pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 30

IL1, IL6, and TNFs

Question 31

How would the body react if small amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

Answer 31

local inflammation

Question 32

How would the body react if moderate amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

Answer 32

animal looks and feels sick - fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, neutrophilia

Question 33

How would the body react if large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were released?

Answer 33

vasodilation, damages endothelial cells, low cardiac output, lung fills with fluid (septic shock) – can kill you

Question 34

Explain the immunologic basis for the most common reason why a puppy may develop a low-grade fever and be lethargic 24 hours after a vaccination.

Answer 34

Moderate quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 35

How long does it take for the acute phase protein response to occur?

Answer 35

made within 24 hours

Question 36

Where does the acute phase protein response occur?

Answer 36

in the liver

Question 37

What is the purpose of the acute phase protein response?

Answer 37

control the infection until antigen specific response can happen

Question 38

What are the major acute phase proteins?

Answer 38

serum amyloid A and P, and C reactive protein

Question 39

What is the function of C reactive protein?

Answer 39

acts like an opsonin and activates compliment

Question 40

What is the funciton of serum amyloid P?

Answer 40

can activate compliment

Question 41

What is the function of serum amyloid A?

Answer 41

it is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells

Question 42

What does negative acute phase protein mean?

Answer 42

a protein that goes down in the inflammatory response

Question 43

What is an example of a negatibe acute phase protein?

Answer 43

albumin

Question 44

What are the 3 general types of macrophage activation?

Answer 44

innate, classical activation, and alternative activation

Question 45

What molecules are associated with innate microphage activation?

Answer 45

PRRs which are activated by pAMPs and dAMPS

Question 46

What is the function of innate macrophage activation?

Answer 46

lysosomal enzyme production and phagocytosis

Question 47

What molecules are associated with classical activation of macrophages?

Answer 47

M1 macrophages activated by interferon gamma

Question 48

What is interferon gamma secreted by?

Answer 48

T1 helper cells and NK cells

Question 49

What is the function of classical activation of macrophages?

Answer 49

produce nitric oxide, proinflammatoru, antimicrobial, early in response

Question 50

What molecules are associated with alternative activation of macrophages?

Answer 50

IL4, IL10, and IL13 - M2 macrophages

Question 51

What is the function of alternative activation of macrophages?

Answer 51

tissue repair, promote healing, late in response, decreased killing, increased MHC II expression

Question 52

What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 52

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Question 53

What causes redness and heat?

Answer 53

increased permeability and dilation of blood

Question 54

What causes swelling?

Answer 54

increased vascular permeability

Question 55

What causes pain?

Answer 55

prostaglandins which act on nerve endings, swelling too

Question 56

What causes loss of function?

Answer 56

the pain and swelling