Overview of Immunology

Question 1

What are the basic differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 1

Innate immunity works quick and rapid, there is no memory and is not antigen specific
Adaptive immunity takes longer to activate, is antigen specific, develops after exposure, and is more effective

Question 2

What are the three major components of the innate defense system?

Answer 2

barriers of infection, soluble factors, cellular factors

Question 3

What is the bodies barrier to infection?

Answer 3

intact skin and mucous membranes

Question 4

What are the soluble factors of the innate defense system?

Answer 4

complement system, innate defense cytokines, and defensins

Question 5

What is the complement system?

Answer 5

enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity

Question 6

What is the most important type of innate defense cytokine in the innate defense system?

Answer 6

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 7

What are the important pro-inflammatory cytokines that we should remember?

Answer 7

Interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 8

What are the important cellular factors to the innate defense system?

Answer 8

phagocytes and sentinel cells, and innate lymphoid cells

Question 9

What is the function of sentinel cells?

Answer 9

resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing DAMP and PAMPs and sending signals to initiate a response

Question 10

What are the specific sentinel cells?

Answer 10

macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

Question 11

What is a DAMP?

Answer 11

damage associated molecular patterns: molecules found within mammalian cells and released when the cell is damaged or dies

Question 12

What is a PAMP?

Answer 12

pathogen associated molecular patterns: molecules produced by microorganisms but not mammalian cells

Question 13

What are the most important innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 13

cytokine secreting ILCs and Cytotoxic ILC-NK (natural killer cells)

Question 14

What are the two major components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 14

Humoral (soluble) and cell-mediated

Question 15

What are the humoral components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 15

B-cells and antibodies

Question 16

Why are B-cells important to the adaptive immune system?

Answer 16

because they produce antibodies and antibodies provide humoral immunity

Question 17

What is the general antibody important to the adaptive immune system?

Answer 17

Immunoglobulin - Ig

Question 18

What are the cell-mediated components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 18

CTLs, Th cytokines, and Gamma Delta T cells

Question 19

Where does an antibody come from?

Answer 19

a fully differentiated B cell

Question 20

What are the classes of antibodies?

Answer 20

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 21

What is important about IgM?

Answer 21

it is the largest antibody molecule and is the first to respond

Question 22

Where is IgG found and what is it important in?

Answer 22

it is found in serum and is important in systemic diseases

Question 23

Where is IgA found?

Answer 23

in mucous and mucous membranes

Question 24

Where is IgE found and what is it important in?

Answer 24

it is found in mast cells, and is important in allergy and to protect against parasitic infection

Question 25

Where is IgD found and what is it important for?

Answer 25

it is on b cell membranes and is a marker of maturation in B-cell development

Question 26

What class of antibodies is not secreted in plasma?

Answer 26

IgD

Question 27

What are the two general types of T cells?

Answer 27

alpha beta T cells and gamma delta T cells

Question 28

What are the types of alpha beta T cells?

Answer 28

CD4 - T helper cells, and CD8 cytotoxic T cells

Question 29

What is the function of T-helper cells?

Answer 29

they produce cytokines to regulate innate and adaptive immune mechanisms

Question 30

What are T-helper cells important in?

Answer 30

for directing which antibody class is produced and activating cellular responses

Question 31

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 31

they attach and kill cells that make foreign proteins

Question 32

What do cytotoxic t cells recognize?

Answer 32

MHC 1 molecule

Question 33

What is the function of gamma delta t cells?

Answer 33

they are for protection on mucosal surfaces, can kill and secrete cytokines, and are antigen specific

Question 34

What part of the immune response are gamma delta t cells?

Answer 34

the adaptive response

Question 35

What is an antigen?

Answer 35

Molecules that can stimulate an immune-specific | adaptive response.; anything that can bind to a b-cell or t-cell receptor

Question 36

What is an immunogen?

Answer 36

an antigen that induces an immune response; interchangable term with antigen

Question 37

What is an antibody?

Answer 37

a molecule that attaches to antigens and is produced by b-cells; what the body produces

Question 38

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 38

a molecule produced by one microorganism to attack another microorganism

Question 39

How does an antibiotic function?

Answer 39

it acts on bacteria to inhibit their growth or kill them

Question 40

What is a cytokine?

Answer 40

protein messenger molecules that are produced when sentinel cells sense damage

Question 41

What is complement?

Answer 41

20-30 plasma proteins in circulation from the liver that are inactive and when activated are involved in the rapid enzyme cascade system

Question 42

What is the memory response also known as?

Answer 42

the anamnestic response

Question 43

When does the memory response occur?

Answer 43

on re-exposure to an antigen

Question 44

How is the antibody produced in the memory response different than the first antibody that would have been produced?

Answer 44

it is higher in titer, has a higher affinity, and has a shorter lag time

Question 45

How does tolerance work?

Answer 45

When antigens are presented during lymphocyte development they are recognized as self and tolerated, when antigens are presented after lymphocyte development they are recognized as foreign and attacked

Question 46

What happens when tolerance breaks down?

Answer 46

autoimmune diseases happen