Main Things To Focus On

Question 1

Some physical adaptations for horses

Answer 1

Long limbs and hooves for high speed over long distances

Rigid spine and long legs help horses run well without getting tired easily

Big muscular limbs for more strength

Question 2

Some disadvantages of horses physical adaptations

Answer 2

Long limbs means more chance of injury

Adaptations are made for speed not agility so might make it difficult to navigate through complex terrains

Question 3

What are some physical adaptations whales have that are good

Answer 3

Streamlined body shape which reduces water resistance

Flippers for a powerful swim

Low bone density helps them be more buoyant

Question 4

Some disadvantages of whale adaptations

Answer 4

Lack of legs means they have limited mobility on land and depend on the oceans health for survival

Large body size required a large amount of food and limits them to deep water habitats

Flippers and tail can experience heat loss as they have less insulation

Question 5

What’re some advantages of physical adaptations in birds

Answer 5

Hollow bones reduces weight so they can fly easier

Fused bones help them stay stable during flight

Question 6

What’re some disadvantages of adaptations in birds

Answer 6

Bones are more fragile

More chance of infection in air filled bones

Beaks specialised for specific diets makes it hard for them to switch to other diets and if food source disappears or changes due to climate change or habitat loss they could starve

Question 7

Some physical adaptations rabbits have that help them survive

Answer 7

Powerful hind limbs help them run fast from predators and jump rapidly

Large ears help them detect danger whilst eating so they can escape quick

Sharp incisors help them gnaw and cut through tough plant material

Question 8

Some disadvatanges rabbits skeletal adaptations have

Answer 8

Dental problems as teeth don’t stop growing

Fragile skeletan can lead to fractures

If hind limbs aren’t supported properly it can injure its spine

Question 9

What’s the sliding filament theory

Answer 9

When muscles contract they slide over each other

Question 10

How does the nose work

Answer 10

Nose detects smells through olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. When animal breathes in odour molecules bind to these receptors. This triggers electrical signals that travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb in the brain where the smell is recognised

Question 11

What are the two nervous system and what do they consist of

Answer 11

The central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system - nerves

Question 12

Forebrain midbrain and hindbrain are the three sections of the brain but what are in them

Answer 12

Forebrain - cerebrum
Hindbrain - cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 13

What is the function of the forebrain

Answer 13

Movement
Sensory processing
Language and communication
Memory and learning
Sense of smell

Question 14

The function of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata

Answer 14

Cerebellum - balance movement and coordination

Medulla oblongata - motor function respiration and blood pressure

Question 15

Where does the neuron carry electrical messages to and what’s the other word for it

Answer 15

Neurons carry impulses throughout the body

Question 16

What’s in a neuron

Answer 16

Cell body
Nucleus
Dendrites
Myelin sheath
Schwanns cells
Node of ranvier
Axon terminal

Question 17

What are the names of the two main nerves and what are they

Answer 17

Afferent nerve and efferent nerve

Afferent is a sensory nerve
Efferent is a motor nerve

Question 18

Where do Afferent nerves carry signals to and where do efferent nerves carry signals to

Answer 18

Afferent nerves carry signals to the CNS from the sensory receptors

Efferent nerves carry signals to muscles and glands from the CNS

Question 19

What is the autonomic nervous system a part of and is it involuntary or voluntary

Answer 19

It’s part of the peripheral nervous system and controls involuntary bodily functions so is involuntary

Question 20

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

And what are they

Answer 20

The sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic is fight/flight/freeze
Parasympathetic is rest and digest

Question 21

What is the lymphatic system made up of

Answer 21

Vessels, lymph, nodes, nodules, ducts and tissue

Question 22

What’s the exocrine system made up of

Answer 22

Made up of a series of glands all over the body

Question 23

What do the glands in the exocrine secrete and what substances do they secrete

Answer 23

The glands secrete substances to the surface of our body or to an organ through ducts

They secrete oil mucous sweat mucous tears semen acid for digestion

Question 24

What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine system

Answer 24

Endocrine only secretes hormones and secretes them through only the bloodstream and has no ducts

Exocrine secretes substances to the surface of the body or into an organ

Question 25

What’s does the vessels tissues ducts nodes and nodules do in the lymphatic system

Answer 25

Vessels carry lymph away from tissues Tissues protect body against foreign invaders Ducts drain lymph into the circulatory system Nodes filter foreign particles Nodules are smaller than nodes and are tiny chunks of immune cells

Question 26

What are the 3 types of skeleton animals can have

Answer 26

Hydrostatic Exoskeleton Endoskeleton

Question 27

What are the hydrostatic exoskeleton and endoskeleton made of

Answer 27

Hydrostatic is a soft body filled with fluid Exoskeleton is hard outer shell that covers muscles and visceral organs Endoskeleton is internal skeleton made of bone and or cartilage

Question 28

What’s the main function of the skeleton

Answer 28

Main function is to support the bodu by providing a framework and muscles are attached to bones via tendons which helps with movement

Question 29

What are the 5 types of bones

Answer 29

Long Short Flat Sesamoid Irregular

Question 30

What do the short long flat sesamoid and irregular bones do

Answer 30

Long - helps with movement Short - provides support Flat - protects organs Sesamoid - in tendons to protect them Irregular - protects and supports

Question 30

Name some advantages of hydrostatic exoskeleton and endoskeleton

Answer 30

Hydrostatic - flexible, simple structure, regenerate when damaged Exoskeleton - support muscles and organs, protects against preds and environmental hazards, leverage Endoskeleton - flexible, protects internal organs, can grow without shedding

Question 31

Name some disadvantages of hydrostatic exoskeleton and endoskeleton

Answer 31

Hydrostatic - takes more energy to move, little protection, limited support Exoskeleton - requires moulting, inflexible, can be heavy Endoskeleton - vulnerable to internal injuries, slower repair

Question 32

Explain the skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle

Answer 32

Skeletal - striated, voluntary, comes in pairs, attached to bones via tendons Smooth - not striated, involuntary, found in walls of organs Cardiac - striated, voluntary, only found in the heart

Question 33

What’s the function of the three muscle types

Answer 33

Skeletal - movement, joint stability, heat production, posture, respiration, protection of internal organs Smooth - reproductive system - labour contractions, menstruation, ovulation, ejaculation digestion - peristalsis through oesophagus, churning food in stomach bladder - expansion and contraction Cardiac - pumps blood throughout the body

Question 34

What is the estrus cycle

Answer 34

It’s the cycle where the females body prepares for reproduction

Question 35

What are the 4 stages of the estrus cycle

Answer 35

Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Anestrus

Question 36

Explain the proestrus estrus metestrus and anestrus stage

Answer 36

Proestrus - follicles begin to develop in ovaries, estrogen levels rise, female isn’t receptive yet Estrus - estrogen peaks, ovulation occurs or is about to, female is receptive to males Metestrus - corpus luteum forms, progesterone increase, if pregnancy doesn’t occur the corpus luteum regresses Anestrus - period of reproductive inactivity, but not all species experience this

Question 37

What are the 3 types of eyes and what animals are they found in

Answer 37

Simple - jellyfish worms Compound - insects crustaceans Single lens - vertebrates

Question 38

What are the three chambers of the single lens eye and where are they

Answer 38

Anterior - between cornea and iris Posterior - between iris and lens Vitreous - behind the lens

Question 39

What’s the difference between a prey’s field of vision and a predators and which has more rod cells

Answer 39

Prey - wide field of vision more rod cells good for night vision Predators - binocular vision fewer rod cells

Question 40

Describe the simple compound and single lens eye

Answer 40

Simple - detects light but can’t form images Compound - produce mosaic images has a wide field of view and excellent motion Single lens - can form detailed images, adjust focus via lens shape or distance

Question 41

What’s the function of the ear

Answer 41

The function is for hearing, communication, and balance

Question 42

What are the three chambers in a mammals ear called

Answer 42

Outer Middle Inner

Question 43

Birds have three chambers in their ears but their external ear lacks a flap and is hidden by specialised feathers What are these feathers called and what do they do

Answer 43

Auricular feathers They protect the opening Reflect sound And enhance sound waves

Question 44

Snakes have inner ears so how do they hear

Answer 44

They don’t they feel vibrations through their jawbones by having their heads on the ground

Question 45

What is the sense of smell in animals helpful for

Answer 45

It helps them find food and stay out of danger

Question 46

Is the sense of smell chemical or electrical

Answer 46

Chemical

Question 47

What is the structure of the olfactory bulb and where is it located

Answer 47

It’s a round structure at the base of the brain above the nasal cavity

Question 48

What does the olfactory bulb process

Answer 48

It processes scent info received from the olfactory nerve

Question 49

What is the Jacobsons organ used to detect and where is it located

Answer 49

It’s an organ located at the roof of the mouth and is used to detect pheromones

Question 50

What is the Flehmens response

Answer 50

Some animals open their mouth and curl their upper lip when inhaling to expose the jacobsons organ to a scent or pheromone

Question 51

How does the flow of blood work it starts of at the vena cava

Answer 51

Vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> left side of heart -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> rest of the body

Question 52

Does the arteries carry blood to or away from the heart and does veins take blood to or away from the heart

Answer 52

Arteries take blood AWAY from the heart Veins take blood TO the heart

Question 53

Do capillaries exchange gas or nutrients

Answer 53

They exchange both

Question 54

What are the three blood vessels in the cardiovascular system

Answer 54

Arteries Capillaries Veins