Major Planning Movements

Question 1

Late 1800s-Early 1900s.
Addressed poverty/crime/blight through Beaux-Arts civic centers.
White City for the World’s Columbian Exhibition (Daniel Burnham) was first example.
McMillan Plan for Washington DC was another example.

Answer 1

City Beautiful Movement

Question 2

Late 1800s-Early 1900s.
Promoted by Ebenezer Howard’s To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform and garden Cities of Tomorrow.
Howard formed the Garden City Association, able to secure funding for the development of 3 garden cities (Letchworth).
Lewis Mumford (RPAA) and Benton McKaye (Appalachian Trail) promoted the concept in the US.
Examples: Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn (Clarence Stein).
Problem: many failed to attain industry and true city centers, becoming residential suburbs.

Answer 2

Garden City Movement

Question 3

Early 1900s.
Reaction against the City Beautiful Movement, seen as overly focused on beauty and not on function and efficiency.

Answer 3

City Efficient/Scientific Movement

Question 4

1930s.
Concerned with jobs and housing during the Great Depression.
President Roosevelt established the Resettlement Administration in 1935 to develop Greenbelt Towns Program.

Answer 4

City Human Movement

Question 5

1940s.
Focused on administrative efficiency during post-war industrialization.

Answer 5

City Functional Movement