Major Theorists

Question 1

Emile Durkheim

Answer 1

• organic solidarity
• anomie

Question 2

Karl Marx

Answer 2

• material conception of history
• economic factors -> social change
• “all human history thus far is the history of class struggles”
• a socialist system would replace capitalist

Question 3

Max Weber

Answer 3

• ideas and values are as important as economic factors
• rationalization
• bureaucracy
• ideal type of bureaucracy

Question 4

George Herbert Mead

Answer 4

• developed symbolic interactionism
• distinguish the “me” (social self) from the “I” (unsocialized infant) -> self-consciousness
• generalized other

Question 5

Sigmund Freud

Answer 5

• a sense of masculinity and femininity develops in the early stage of life as infants and young children learn gender differences based on the possession or absence of a penis

Question 6

Erving Goffman

Answer 6

• human being possesses a self that is vulnerable to embarrassment or humiliation -> people tend to collaborate with others in social interactions
• dramaturgical theory

Question 7

Harold Garfinkel

Answer 7

• with Goffman, a key figure in the study of micro interaction (symbolic interactionism)
• ethnomethodology
• breaching experiments

Question 8

for a society to endure over time its specialized institutions (e.g., political systems, economy) must function as an integrated whole

Answer 8

organic solidarity (Emile Durkheim)

Question 9

a situation in which social norms lost their hold over individual behavior

Answer 9

anomie (Emile Durkheim)

Question 10

the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world

Answer 10

rationalization (Max Weber)

Question 11

a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials

Answer 11

bureaucracy (Max Weber)

Question 12

there is a clear-cut hierarchy of authority. written rules govern the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization. officials work full time and are salaried

Answer 12

ideal type of bureaucracy (Max Weber)

Question 13

the view of social life as a metaphorical theater performance, in which we are actors with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

Answer 13

dramaturgical theory (Erving Goffman)

Question 14

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction

Answer 14

ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel)

Question 15

experiments engage in conversation and actively pursue the precise meaning of casual remarks or general comments of the subject

Answer 15

breaching experiments (Harold Garfinkel)