Making of a Modern World

Question 1

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 1

Scientific discoveries made by Isaac Newton in the 17th century AD, discovered a new belief system that human beings used called reason. This reason could be used to explain the nature of universe. This type of thinking developed into an intelligent movement in the 18th century AD known as Enlightenment.

Question 2

How did the thinkers of the Enlightenment react to this?

Answer 2

The thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that as humans were born with a capacity to reason, they can solve their own problems. This belief is called humanism.

Question 3

Philosophers assessments were stored in what?

Answer 3

Many of philosopher’s assessments were stored in Encyclopedie, collection of over 75000 articles.

Question 4

Who edited the illustrations in the Encylopedie?

Answer 4

Diderot

Question 5

When was the Encylopedie published?

Answer 5

Was published during 1751-1766

Question 6

What was ‘The Social Contract’, who made it and when was it published?

Answer 6

‘The Social Contract’ was that every person born with same rights
Ideas of Enlightenment were: Reason, Individualism, Republicanism, Humanism, Secularism, idea assessed by Rousseau and published in 1762

Question 7

Name some discoveries that were featured in the Enlightenment.

Answer 7

Benjamin Franklin about electricity in 1752

Invention of spinning jenny by James Hargreaves in 1767 meant that one worker could spin multiple threads at the same time

Steam engine invented by James Watt in 1776

Question 8

What is inoculation and who discovered it?

Answer 8

In 1726, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced inoculation to Europe meaning that limited exposure to disease helped improve a patient’s immunity for that disease.

Question 9

What is vaccination and who discovered it?

Answer 9

In 1796, Edward Jenner developed vaccination which helped in the elimination of smallpox in Europe, his hypothesis was confirmed that people who get cowpox cannot get the fatal disease of smallpox

Question 10

What is capitalism?

Answer 10

Capitalism is economic system that encourages competition between sellers who all want to make high profit

Question 11

What was the main source of wealth before the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 11

Land

Question 12

What did mass production help with?

Answer 12

Mass production allowed capitalists to make goods quickly, cheaply and in large quantities

Question 13

Which factory first used production line of workers?

Answer 13

Matthew Boulton’s factory

Question 14

What is triangular trade?

Answer 14

Raw materials from colonies of Britain (Americas) transported to Britain where they were made into goods and sold throughout the British empire.

Question 15

Where did rural workers end up?

Answer 15

During the Industrial Revolution, people from rural areas moved to cities in search of better income while working in factories.
Due to competition from larger factories, rural workers ended up as unskilled labourers in cities such as Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester.

Question 16

Discuss about the workers in the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 16

Workers in Industrial Revolution forced to live in overcrowded blocks, often damp and freezing in winter

Privacy was almost impossible as several families shared 1 house

Human sewage and other waste accumulated on mud floors attracting rats, fleas which were carriers of diseases such as typhus and cholera

Factory conditions dangerous and working hours could be from 12-16 hours long
Steam engines made conditions hot and air polluted

Long hours caused workers to feel fatigued and uncommon to hire workers at the age of 7 or 8

Coalmines were deep as 2km underground

Boys at age of 5 used to open and close mine shaft doors

Question 17

Discuss about the American Revolution and how it happened?

Answer 17

Britain ended French influence in North America after winning in Seven Years War

Introduction of taxes caused a protest from the colonists

Many believed that it was unfair to pay taxes to government thousands of kilometers away

Led to series of clashes between British troops and American colonists and in April 1775 armed conflict broke out

American War of Independence lasted for 7 years until George Washington’s Continental Army defeated the British soldiers

Independence of United States was officially declared on 3 September 1783 with signing of Treaty of Paris

Question 18

Discuss about the French Revolution.

Answer 18

French revolution started in 1789 and it ended the feudal system of land ownership in France and eventually threw out Europe

French Revolution took place from 1789-99

After execution of King Louis XVI (1793), opponents of revolution pushed towards to crush it with the help of foreign armies

Threat led to a period known as ‘Reign of Terror’ when thousands of innocent victims were beheaded by a guillotine (death machine)

French Revolution is the reason that gave rise to common man and helped to develop the Modern Era

French Revolution introduced ideals e.g. right to vote, equality before law, freedom of speech

Question 19

What is republicanism?

Answer 19

Republic is form of government in which head of state is citizen rather than monarch

Question 20

What is liberalism?

Answer 20

Liberalism was movement that aimed at protecting and improving rights of citizens. In this way, human rights were created.

Question 21

What is nationalism?

Answer 21

Nationalism is belief that people of similar race, culture or ideals to be belonged to same nation state e.g. Christians live in Christian countries and Muslims live in Islamic countries.

Question 22

Which society was the most advanced form of civilization?

Answer 22

British society

Question 23

Which people were classified as nomadic hunters?

Answer 23

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People

Question 24

Which society had a more advanced system of math until the 17th century?

Answer 24

Islamic society

Question 25

Where did gunpowder come first?

Answer 25

First came to Europe from China

Question 26

What is the factory system?

Answer 26

James Watt was an entrepreneur and was impressed by making goods in a growing factory system (mass production of goods, produced quickly, cheaply and in large quantities by employing labor)

Question 27

What was the first factory in Britain?

Answer 27

Matthew Boulton established one of the first factories in Britain, the Soho Manufactuary. The factory made buttons, buckles, and silverware and even coins.

Question 28

TRADE AND TRANSPORT

Answer 28

.

Question 29

How did trade and transport work?

Answer 29

The development of trade and transport is accredited to: Creation of steam engines, railroads and sea transport Steam engines: Steam engines used the rail which was much faster than the horsecarts and could carry more passengers and goods at larger distances. Sea transport: With the improvement of ships, British trade increased globally by creating more sea connections. Raw materials could easily be transported from one place to another.

Question 30

Which city was the fastest in growing during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 30

London

Question 31

What is the definition of revolution?

Answer 31

A large number of people or citizens of the society become angry where the government because of its unfair treatment of its citizens. This rebellion against the government to overthrow it, is called revolution.

Question 32

What is democracy?

Answer 32

Democracy is a form of government where citizens elect people to create laws on their behalf, originated in ancient Athens during 5th century BC. Only male citizens were allowed to vote and only people who own a property was allowed to hold a public office. In British democracy that developed in 19th century, only wealthy citizens were trusted with the right to vote.