MALCOLM X/BLACK POWER NATIVE AMERICANS

Question 1

Give context statement

Answer 1

• Policy of termination was abandoned and govt policy changed so native Americans gained more control over their futures and reform programme began
• 1960s - era of rights consciousness

Question 2

Ways federal govt positively impacted rights

Answer 2

• Red power forced govt to reconsider policies towards native Americans - many laws passed in 1970s -> 1974 fund established to give loans to reservations

Question 3

Ways Native American groups positively impacted rights

Answer 3

• Determined to create mass movement that could pressure govt - saw national congress of American Indians limited for those who had assimilated/doing well
• Red power took idea of pride in culture and race
• 1964 - national Indian youth council established -> united in protest in Washington, demanding to be recognised as part of Johnsons war on poverty -> niyc too slow - more militant aim established 1968 (adopted term red power)
• Red nationalism more important, big effect on later campaigns - red nationalists (iat) took part in 1969 Siegel of Alcatraz -> brought native Americans together and created goal of native sovereignty
• National congress of American Indians - copied litigation strategy of naacp by suing state/federal govts over discrimination in employment/schooling
• 1964 - niyc inspired by black Americans to have fish in in Washington to raise awareness of treaty rights
• Aim monitored police racism like black power - lead to Native American population in local jails dropping by 60%
• Siege of Alcatraz attempt by iat to create cultural centre for native Americans
• 1978 - red power movement took part in ‘longest walk’ to symbolise forced removal of native Americans -> peaceful and spiritual

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Question 4

Ways native Americans themselves positively impacted rights

Answer 4

• Encouraging younger native Americans to abandon legal procedures - demand quicker change
• Questioning language used toward them - word Indian is not our own
• Pride in Native American culture increased - language, music, dancing

Question 5

Other ways rights were positively impacted

Answer 5

• Inspired to forget tribal differences by looking at unity of black Americans
• Native Americans looked to black Americans for inspiration - naacp led to ncai (sued state/federal govts for discrimination and won jfk support for more jobs on reservations) -> ncai less willing to integrate and had early traits on militancy

Question 6

Ways federal govt positively impacted rights with little influence of black power

Answer 6

• Development of protests may have been consequence of wider changes in usa society - johnson made native Americans think they had greater chance of success

Question 7

Ways Native American groups positively impacted rights with little influence of black power

Answer 7

• Native Americans pressure groups were already active - govt created Indian claims commission
• Militancy already present in some groups - national Indian youth council
• Foundations for native Americans to become more active were already there - black power movement provided trigger and clear model to follow, enabling red power to grow and become more influential

Question 8

Ways Native Americans themselves positively impacted rights with little influence of black power

Answer 8

• Termination and post ww2 developments meant native americans were already becoming united
• Native Americans moving into cities where ghettoisation made it easier to organise pressure groups/protest about living conditions
• Poor quality of life for Native Americans - 44 year life expectancy, 80% unemployment in some areas
• Native Americans didn’t get along with black Americans - clashed at 1968 poor peoples campaign because each thought the other was dominating