Male / Female Pathology Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Describe where the prostate is found
A
at base of bladder around urethra
anterior to rectum
2
Q
What maintains the prostate gland
A
androgens
3
Q
Arises from inner transitional zone or central zones
A
BPH
4
Q
BPH is due to an increase in
A
androgens
5
Q
What converts testosterone to DHT
What does DHT cause
A
5 α reductase
hyperplasia of gland
6
Q
What can increase DHT receptors
A
estrogen
7
Q
Hesitancy and intermittent interruption to pee
A
BPH
8
Q
Urgency, frequency and nocturia
A
BPH
9
Q
Well defined nodules compressing urethra
A
BPH
10
Q
What are 2 things to treat BPH
A
5 α reductase inhibitors
α -1 adrenergic blockers
11
Q
This decreases DHT
A
5 α reductase inhibitor
12
Q
Finasteride is a
A
5 α reductase inhibitor
13
Q
This relaxes prostate smooth muscle for less urinary symptoms
A
α - 1 adrenergic blockers
14
Q
Most common cancer in men
A
Prostatic carcinoma
15
Q
This promotes but DOES NOT initiate cancer growth in the prostate
A
Androgens
16
Q
Arises from the peripheral zone
A
Prostatic carcinoma
17
Q
Palpable on DRE
A
Prostatic carcinoma
18
Q
Androgen-regulated fusion genes
A
Prostatic carcinoma
19
Q
Increased risk in 1st degree relatives
A
Prostatic carcinoma
20
Q
Inherited BRCA1, BRCA2 mutations can increase risk
A
Prostatic carcinoma
21
Q
Clinically silent
A
Prostatic carcinoma
22
Q
What is the first sign of Prostatic carcinoma
A
metastasis
23
Q
Involvement of what is common with the metastasis of Prostatic carcinoma
A
Bone
24
Q
Highly variable disease course, can not predict what tumor will be aggressive
A
Prostatic carcinoma
25
Gleason score is used to asses
Prostatic carcinoma
26
This shows histologic grade (differentiation)
Gleason score (Prostatic carcinoma)
27
What two things are need for prognosis of Prostatic carcinoma
clinical spread and histologic grade
28
Remain as free episomal viral DNA and cause benign lesions
Low risk HPV (6,11)
29
Viral integration/incorporation
HRHPV (16,18)
30
What oncogenes are produced from HRHPV, and what do they promote/cause
E6 and E7 oncogenes
neoplasia (growth of tumors)
31
HPV infection alone is __ to cause cancer
insufficient
(genetic hits are necessary)
32
Usually small, just below the surface of ovaries, large ones can be palpable/painful
Follicle and luteal cysts (common)
33
Patients with this syndrome can be put on metformin (insulin resistance)
Polycystic ovarian syndrom (PCOS)
34
With PCOS, there is excess production of __ by multiple cystic follicles
androgens
35
Hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, infertility
PCOS
36
Due to HPV 6, 11
NOT precancerous
Condyloma acuminata (vulva neoplasia)
37
Large anogenital warts
Men and women
Condyloma acuminata (vulva neoplasia)
38
Papillary and elevated or flat rugose
Wrinkled or creased with a halo
Condyloma acuminata (vulva neoplasia)
39
Koilocytosis
Condyloma acuminata (vulva neoplasia)
(describing the shape of the cell)
40
Caused by oncogenic strains of HPV (HRHPV)
Cervical carcinoma
41
What zone in involved with Cervical carcinoma
Transformation zone
42
Junction of exocervix and endocervix
Transformation zone
43
What has an affinity for the transformation zone
HRHPV
44
What is the change that occurs with the transition zone
metaplasia into immature squamous cells
45
Evolves from asymptomatic precancerous lesion from many years before
Cervical carcinoma
46
What two things are needed for Cervical carcinoma to occur
HPV
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes
47
Most important risk factor for Cervical carcinoma
Persistent infections with HPV
(with high risk subtypes)
48
Early age at 1st intercourse puts you at risk for
Cervical carcinoma
49
Multiple partners puts you at risk for
Cervical carcinoma
50
Male partner with history of multiple partners puts you at risk for
Cervical carcinoma
51
Smoking puts you at risk for
Cervical carcinoma
52
Invisible or exophytic
Cervical carcinoma
53
Presents as squamous cell carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma
54
Early detection of __ is performed with a Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear)
SIL (Squamous intraepithelial lesion)
55
Most successful cancer-screening test ever developed
PAP smear
56
When to start and when to stop PAP smears
21-65 = pap every 3 years
30-65 = PHV or HRHPV co test
>65 = stop pap smears
57
HPV vaccine for boys and girls 11-12 years old
Gardasil 9
Protects agaisnt 6, 11, 16, 18
58
Nulliparity is a risk factor
Ovarian cancer
59
Low parity is a risk factor
Ovarian cancer
60
Family history is a risk factor
Ovarian cancer
61
BRCA-1 mutation is a risk factor
Ovarian cancer
62
Limited until it is widespread
Ovarian cancer
63
Abdominal pain, swelling, ascities (seeding of peritoneal cavity)
Ovarian cancer
64
Does not progress directly to carcinoma, most regress
LSIL (Low grade SIL)
65
High risk to progress to carcinoma
HSIL (High grade SIL)
66
Most common malignancy of women
Breast cancer
67
Adenocarcinoma
Breast cancer
68
Most common benign epithelial lesion
brown/blue cyst
Increased fibrous stroma
Micro-calcifications
Nonproliferative disease / fibrocystic disease
69
What hormone is in excess with breast cancer
estrogen
70
Mutations in the breast epithelial cells cause expression of these 3
Estrogen receptor (ER)
Progesteron receptor (PR)
HER2
71
5-10% of breast cancers are germline mutations in
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (DNA repair genes)
72
3 major groups of breast cancer subtypes
ER + (HER -) - this is the majority
HER2 + over-expression (ER +/- doesnt matter)
Triple negative : no ER, no PR, no HER2 overexpression
73
2 leading cause of cancer death in women
Breast cancer
74
Risk for breast cancer increases after age
30
(stops at menopause)
75
Greatest risk is 1st degree relative with early onset
Breast cancer
(5-10% are due to mutations)
76
Highest rate of breast cancer is seen in __ decent
european
77
Early first period puts you at risk for
Breast cancer
78
Older age at 1st pregnancy puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
79
Nulliparity puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
80
NO breast feeding puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
81
Obesity post menopause puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
82
Hormone replacement post menopause puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
83
Ionizing radiation puts you at risk for
Breast Cancer
84
If a breast is feeling pain the lesion is most likely
benign
85
Is inflammation common with breast cancer
NO - due to infection during lactation
86
Small amount of bilateral discharge
Normal
87
what arises in large ducts below the nipple causing discharge
papilloma
88
Bloody discharge
malignancy
89
Breast lumpiness
usually normal
Granular tissue
90
Most palpable masses are
benign
91
All palpable masse require
evaluation because some malignancies are circumscribed
92
Gynecomastia
Breast enlargement in males
Imbalance of estrogens and androgens
93
The older you are, symptoms more often mean
malignancy
94
Treatment for ER or PR positive breast cancer (3)
Endocrine / hormone therapy
Tamoxifen
Aromatase inhibitor
95
Treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer
Target therapy
Herceptin
96
Where can breast cancer progress to
Pectoral muscles
Dimpling of skin or nipple
97
What causes skin thickening (peaud'orange)
Lymphatic involvement of breast cancer
98
Breast cancer can metastasis to
any organ
99
Why are mammograms better with older aged patients
Breast density increases and gets more fat
easier to detect lesions
