Male Reproductive Pathology

Question 1

If you are collecting samples from an intact male, what species is most likely to have the specimen autolyse?

Answer 1

rams.

Question 2

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 2

the seminiferous tubules.

Question 3

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 3

interstitial cells.

Question 4

Why are the testes always located outside of the body?

Answer 4

because spermatogenesis and production of testosterone works better at temps slightly lower than the body.

Question 5

What are you seeing below? If you see this, should you be concerned?

Answer 5

Segmental aplasia of the epididymis. It is an incidental finding.

Question 6

What do you see below?

Answer 6

Inclusion cysts epididimys. Also an incidental finding.

Question 7

T/F: only cutaneous neoplasms can occur in the scrotum.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

In what animals do you see a scirrhous cord?

Answer 8

mainly in horses, due to a staph infection.

Question 9

What are you seeing in the picture below?

Answer 9

dilatation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and the cremasteric veins. Known as varicocele.

Question 10

You see a patient with a scrotum that looks like this. What would your MDx be and what is it caused by?

Answer 10

Scrotal dermatitis, caused by ectoparasites

Question 11

What are some diseases that you can see associated with the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 11

inflammation (from orchitis, epididymitis, scrotal dermatitis or peritonitis), or tumors.

Question 12

What is cryptorchism? What are these testes prone to?

Answer 12

Cryptorchism is the failure of one or both testis to descend to the scrotum. These testes cannot produce sperm and are prone to testicular neoplasia and to torsion of the spermatic cord.

Question 13

What do you see in the picture below?

Answer 13

bilateral hypoplasia of testicles.

Question 14

What are some causes of testicular degeneration?

Answer 14

thermal (too much heat), cryptochidism, hypoplasia, and chemical.

Question 15

What is orchitis?

Answer 15

inflammation of the testis.

Question 16

What are some things that can cause orchitis?

Answer 16

Trauma, infection (Brucella, Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria, Nocardia), or viruses.

Question 17

What do you see below? What bacteria can cause this?

Answer 17

epididymitis. Can be caused by Brucella.

Question 18

What are you seeing in the image below? What can cause this?

Answer 18

sperm granuloma. Caused when the sperm goes to the tissue, causing a foreign body inflammatory reaction to the sperm.

Question 19

What are some common testicular neoplasias?

Answer 19

interstitial cell tumors, seminomas sertoli cell tumors, or teratomas.

Question 20

This tumor is usually solitary or unilateral, it is rarely metastatic, and has no endocrine effect. Cryptochidism is a predisposing factor.

Answer 20

Seminoma.

Question 21

What do most seminomas look like in a dog?

Answer 21

they are well circumscribed, white and homogenous. They closely resemble neoplastic lymphoid tissue.

Question 22

This neoplasm is the most common neoplasm in the dog. It secretes androgen (testosterone) and can result in prostate hyperplasia.

Answer 22

Interstitial Cell tumor (AKA leydig cell tumor)

Question 23

This is the least common tumor, usually unilateral, can enlarge the testis, and rarely metastasizes. Cryptochidism is a predisposing factor.

Answer 23

Sertoli cell tumor.

Question 24

What are some clinical signs that you will see with a sertoli cell tumor?

Answer 24

reduced libido, swelling of the prepuce/mammary glands, symmetrical alopecia, and bone marrow suppression.

***due to the estrogen productio of the tumor***

Question 25

When you look at a preputial cytology, how will you know that you have an estrogenic tumor?

Answer 25

the epithelium of the preputial cavity thickens and you will see squames dominating the cytology.

Question 26

This tumor is rare, it is a mixed cell line tumor, and is usually in the testis of young horses. Cryptochidism is a predisposing factor.

Answer 26

Teratoma.

Question 27

When are you likely to see prostatic atrophy?

Answer 27

senile change or following castration.

Question 28

What is this a picture of? What are some predisposing factors/who is it commonly seen in?

Answer 28

prostatic hyperplasia. hormonal imbalances is a likely cause, but it is mainly seen in older intact male dogs.

Question 29

T/F: you can see prostatic hyperplasia in castrated animals.

Answer 29

False.

Question 30

What is this a picture of?

Answer 30

prostatic inflammation, aka prostatitis. Can be an extension of cystitis or urethritis.

Question 31

What is prostatic metaplasia?

Answer 31

cahnge in the type of the epithelium. It is caused by estrogen.

Question 32

Where do prostatic neoplasias metastasize to?

Answer 32

sublumbar lymph nodes, lung, liver, or bone.

Question 33

When do you typically see penile hypoplasia?

Answer 33

in early castration or intersex condiditions?

Question 34

What developmental disease of the penis and prepuce is seen below?

Answer 34

persistent frenulum. Causes penile deviation.

Question 35

What is hypospadia?

Answer 35

a congenital defect where you have incomplete fusion of the urethral folds. You have a non-fused prepuce and scrotum, and the urethral opening will be on the ventral side.

Question 36

What is phimosis?

Answer 36

narrowing of the preputial orifice preventing protrusion of the penis.

Question 37

What is praphimosis?

Answer 37

narrowing of the preputial orifice preventing retraction of already protruding penis.

Question 38

What term do you use to descrive inflammation of the prepuce?

Answer 38

posthitis

Question 39

What term do you use to describe inflammation of the glans penis?

Answer 39

balanitis

Question 40

What term is used when you've got inflammation of the prepuce and the penis at the same time?

Answer 40

balanoposthitis

Question 41

What viruses can cause inflammation of the penis and/or prepuce?

Answer 41

Bovine herpes virus or EHV3 (equine coital exanthema)

Question 42

What bacteria can cause inflammation of the penis and/or prepuce?

Answer 42

corynebacteria in sheep/bovines

Question 43

What parasites can cause inflammation of the penis and/or prepuce?

Answer 43

Trypanosoma equiperdum, habronemiasis

Question 44

What do you see below? What can cause it?

Answer 44

Balanoposthitis, caused by bovine herpesvirus 1.