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Patho II > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the male genital tract?

A

Generate and transport sperm, produces sex hormones, and aids in urination

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2
Q

What makes up the male genital tract?

A 
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Duct System
Accessory Glands
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3
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Site of germination, maturation, and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes

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4
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules surrounded by?

A

Sertoli cells within specialized epithelium

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5
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

A

Provide protection and nourishment to germ cells

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6
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

produces sperm and male sex steroids

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7
Q

What is the function of the epididymides?

A

Store sperm

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8
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Conduct sperm to urethra

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9
Q

What is the function of the sex accessory glands?

A

Produce seminal fluid that nourishes sperm

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10
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conducts sperm to outside of the male body

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11
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ of copulation

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12
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Provides proper temperature for testes

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13
Q

What is the penis?

A

external genitalia that contains erectile tissue

Deposits sperm through ejaculation

Average length is 2-5 inches when flaccid and 4-7 inches when erect

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14
Q

What are the three erectile tissues present in the penis?

A

Corpus Spongiosum surrounded by two corpora cavernosa

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15
Q

What is the foreskin?

A

sheath of loose skin covering the penis

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16
Q

What is smegma?

A

oily secretion produced by the glans combined with shed skin cells

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17
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

sac of skin that contains the testes, epididymus, and lower spermatic cords

Maintains testicular temperature for spermatogenesis

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18
Q

When does spermatogenesis develop in males?

A

by the age of 16

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19
Q

What does spermatogenesis involve?

A

H-P-G axis

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20
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

Adrenal cortex becomes functional

Onset of androgen-dependent body changes like growth of axillary and pubic hair, body odor, and acne

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21
Q

What is Gonadarche?

A

H-P-G axis initiates this

Earliest gonadal changes of puberty

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22
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Gives males their secondary sex characteristics

Regulates metabolism and protein anabolism

Inhibits pituitary secretion of gonadotropins

Promotes K excretion and renal Na reabsorption

Contributes to male pattern baldness and acne

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23
Q

What is the function of the duct system?

A

Delivers sperm from the testes to the exterior

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24
Q

What is contained within the duct system?

A 
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Spermatic Cord
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
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25
What is semen?
sperm and ejaculatory fluid from the seminal vesicles
26
What are the accessory glands?
Prostate gland | Cowper's (Bulbourethral) gland
27
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Secretes fluid that mixes the semen that decreases acidity, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life
28
What is the function of the Cowper's gland?
Secretes another alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity caused by urine transportation
29
What is phimosis?
Foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis
30
What are the causes of phimosis?
Poor hygiene Infections Sometimes carcinoma
31
What are complications of phimosis?
urinary obstruction | Pain
32
What is paraphimosis?
Foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the gland penis Penis becomes constricted and edematous
33
What is the complication of paraphimosis?
gangrene from penile necrosis MEDICAL EMERGENCY THAT MUST BE TAKEN CARE OF WITHIN 6 HOURS
34
What is Hypospadias?
Abnormal urethral opening on the ventral surface of teh penis Below/undersurface
35
What is Epispadias?
Abnormal urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis Above/upper surface
36
What is Hypospadias and Epispadias associated with?
failure of normal descent of the testes and with malformations of the urinary tract
37
Is hypo or epispadias more common?
Hypospadias
38
What are the complications of hypo and epispadias?
Urinary tract obstruction Increased risk of UTIs Cause of sterility
39
What is varicocele?
Dilation of the veins in the spermatic cord = pampiniform plexus Caused by inadequate or absent valves in the spermatic veins
40
What is hydrocele?
Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis Caused by imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorption
41
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Serous membrane that covers the testes
42
What is Spermatocele?
Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between head of the epididymis and the testis Contains milky fluid that contains sperm
43
What are the most important and frequent conditions of the epididymis?
Inflammatory diseases
44
What are the most important and frequent conditions of the testis?
Tumors
45
What are the congenital Anomalies of the testis and epididymis?
Undescended testes Absence of one or both testes = rare Fusion of Testes
46
What is cryptochidism?
Complete or partial failure of the intra-abdominal testes to descend into the scrotal sac
47
What is cryptochidism associated with?
Testicular dysfunction and an increased risk of testicular cancer
48
What are the risk factors of Cryptorchidism?
Prematurity Low-birth weight Family history of problems of genital development Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy Maternal Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy
49
What is the percentage of 1 year old boys that cryptorchidism is found in?
1%
50
What are the symptoms of Cryptorchidism?
Asymptomatic Comes to attention when scrotal sac is discovered to be empty
51
What are the complications of Cryptorchidism?
Sterility | Risk of developing testicular cancer
52
When would surgery be performed to repair cryptorchidism?
If the testes hadn't descended by the time the child turned 1
53
What is Testicular torsion?
Twisting of spermatic cord typically cutting off the venous drainage of the testis
54
If testicular torsion is left untreated, what can it lead to?
Testicular infarction SURGICAL EMERGENCY
55
What is the cause of spontaneous testicular torsion?
Bilateral anatomic defect that leads to increased mobility of the testes = bell clapper abnormality
56
What is the symptom of adult testicular torsion?
Sudden onset of testicular pain
57
What are the types of testicular tumors?
Germ cell tumors = seminomas and non-seminomas Sex-cord stromal tumors
58
What is the most common testicular tumor of men 15-34 years old?
Germ cell tumors 10% of all cancer deaths
59
What are the causes of testicular tumors?
Environmental factors | Genetic factors
60
What are the most common type of germ cell testicular tumors?
Seminomas = 50%
61
When is the peak incidence of testicular tumors?
third decade Never occur in infants
62
Which germ cell testicular tumor type is the most aggressive?
Non-seminomas
63
What do germ cell testicular tumors originate from?
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)
64
What are intratubular germ cell neoplasia and what do they do to cause testicular tumors?
Atypical germ cells They retain the expression of the transcription factors OCT3/4 and NANOG, which are important in maintenance of pluripotent stem cells
65
What is the characteristic feature of testicular tumors?
Painless enlargement of the testis
66
What are the biologic markers for testicular tumors?
hCG AFP LDH
67
Where do non-seminuous testicular tumors spread to?
Lungs
68
What is the prostate?
Weighs 20 grams Retroperitoneal organ encircling the neck of the bladder and urethra Devoid of distinct capsule
69
What are the four biological and anatomically distinct zones/regions of the prostate?
Peripheral Central Transitional Periurethral
70
Where do most hyperplasia of the prostate occur?
transitional zone
71
Where do most carcinomas of the prostate occur?
Periurethral zone
72
What controls the growth and survival of prostatic cells?
Testicular androgens
73
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
Most common benign prostatic disease in men > 50 Nodular hyperplasia in periurethral zone that causes partial/complete urethral obstruction
74
What is the cause of BPH?
Dyhydrotestosterone (DTH) is formed and binds to nuclear androgen receptors present in stromal and epithelial prostate cells This binding causes reawakening of growth and proliferative pathways which produces hyperplasia of the prostate
75
What converts testosterone to DHT and where does it do this?
Type 2 - 5 alpha reductase in stromal cells
76
What growth factor are stimulated from DHT binding to AR?
``` FGF = fibroblast growth factor TGF-beta = transforming growth factor ```
77
What are FGFs?
Paracine regulators of androgen stimulated epithelial growth during embryonic prostatic development
78
What is TGF-beta?
Serves as a mitogen for fibroblasts and other mesenchymal cells, but inhibits epithelial proliferation
79
What happens to patients with BPH?
INcreased size of the prostate and the smooth muscle-mediated prostatic contraction causing urianry obstruction This leads to bladder hypertrophy and distention and is the source of infection
80
What are the clinical features of BPH?
Increased Urinary frequency Nocturia Difficulty in starting and stopping the stream of urine Overflow dribbling Dysuria Increased risk of developing bacterial infections of the bladder and kidney
81
What can the patient do to treat mild cases of BPH?
Decrease fluid intake, espeically before bedtime Moderate the intake of alcohol and caffeine-containing products Following timed voiding schedule
82
What is prostate cancer?
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate that is the most common form of cancer in men
83
What is prostate cancer tied with in terms of cancer mortality?
Colorectal cancer
84
What is the incidence of prostate cancer?
20% in men >50 | 70% in men > 70
85
What is the pathogenesis of prostate cancer?
``` Hormone androgen levels Age Race = african Americans Environment = charred red meat, soy, vitamin d protects Family History ```
86
What increases the risk of getting prostate cancer?
Androgen receptors with short stretches of CAG repeats BRCA2 mutations Hypermethylation of glutathione S-transferase gene Increased fat consumption
87
What are the precursor lesions of prostate cancer?
Prostatic Intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
88
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Early stages = asymptomatic and usually discovered by detection of suspicious nodule upon rectal exam Late Stages = urinary symptoms like difficulty in starting or stopping stream, dysuria, frequency, or hematuria
89
What is a biomarker for prostate cancer?
PSA level

Patho II (16 decks)

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