Male Reproductive System - GAF Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the difference between adult and neonatal testicular torsion?
Adult torsion is due to a bilateral anatomic defect (bell-clapper deformity) allowing increased testicular mobility; neonatal torsion occurs without anatomic defect, often in utero or shortly after birth.
What symptom is commonly associated with testicular torsion?
Sudden severe testicular pain.
What are the consequences of testicular torsion?
It’s a urological emergency—testicular viability is at risk if not treated within ~6 hours.
What is a hydrocele and what complications may arise if untreated?
A hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid between layers of tunica vaginalis; untreated, it may lead to infection or testicular atrophy.
Define varicocele and a complication associated with it.
A varicocele is a dilated and tortuous vein in the spermatic cord, typically on the left side; it can contribute to male infertility.
What are key risk factors for testicular cancer?
Cryptorchidism, family history, prior testicular cancer, and certain syndromes (e.g. androgen insensitivity).
Describe the gross and microscopic features of seminoma.
Gross: Homogeneous, grey-white, lobulated cut surface, no necrosis/hemorrhage. Microscopic: Sheets of large germ cells with clear cytoplasm (‘fried egg’ appearance), fibrous septa, lymphocytic infiltrate.
Describe the morphological features of malignant teratoma of the testis.
Large testis with heterogeneous, variegated cut surface, including cystic and cartilaginous areas reflecting diverse tissue types.
How does the significance of teratoma differ in children vs adult males?
In children: Usually benign. In adult males: All considered malignant, regardless of maturity.
In which zone of the prostate does BPH originate?
Transitional zone.
What urinary symptoms are associated with BPH?
Hesitancy, frequency, nocturia, dribbling, dysuria.
What causes BPH?
DHT-driven proliferation of epithelial and stromal cells due to aging-related hormonal imbalance.
Is BPH a precursor to prostate cancer?
No.
What are key risk factors for prostate cancer?
Age, family history, ethnicity (highest in Black men), and genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA2, HOXB13).
What serum marker is used in prostate cancer, and is it specific?
PSA; not cancer-specific—also elevated in BPH, prostatitis, aging.
Common metastatic sites of prostate cancer?
Bone, pelvic lymph nodes, lungs.
Name causes of ureteral obstruction leading to hydroureter/hydronephrosis.
Calculi, tumors (e.g. prostate, bladder, cervix), clots, strictures, pregnancy.
What are major risk factors for urothelial carcinoma?
Smoking, exposure to beta-naphthylamine and aniline dyes.
Why are multiple tumours often seen in urothelial carcinoma?
Due to field effect from carcinogens in urine causing transformation at multiple urothelial sites.
What does chronic pyonephrosis show macroscopically?
Corticomedullary scarring, calyceal dilation/deformity, papillary flattening, xanthogranulomatous changes with lipid-laden macrophages.
What type of inflammation is seen in tertiary syphilis affecting the testis?
Granulomatous inflammation forming gummas with central necrosis.
What type of cancer is penile carcinoma and its histological features?
Squamous cell carcinoma; shows keratin pearls, intracellular bridges.
Key risk factors for penile carcinoma?
HPV infection (high-risk types), poor hygiene.
How do HPV strains differ in benign vs malignant penile lesions?
Benign: HPV 6/11 (do not integrate into host DNA). Malignant: HPV 16/18 (integrate, disrupt TP53/RB tumor suppressors).
