Malfunctions of the Cell Cycle

Question 1

Meiosis is significant in terms of ?

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Means that there are individuals that has better chances of survival in a changing environment that ensures species continuity

Answer 2

Genetic Diversity

Question 3

Meiosis aids in the repairs of?

Answer 3

Genetic defects

Question 4

Cell division is responsible for the ____ of the body organs

Answer 4

Development

Question 5

Happens when the cells are worn out or damaged

Answer 5

Cell division

Question 6

What are the significance of Mitosis

Answer 6

Cell division
Stem cells therapy
Prevention of Cancer
Neurodegeneration
Agriculture
Medicine

Question 7

Geneticists uses _____ to identify chromosomal aberrations

Answer 7

Karyogram

Question 8

Process for using Karyogram

Answer 8

1. Collects a person’s cells (WBC) from a blood sample
2. LAB: stimulates the isolated cells (for actively dividing)
3. Applies chemical colchicine to cells to arrest condensed chromosomes in metaphase
4. Induce swelling (in cells) w/ hypotonic solution —> chromosomes spreading out
5. Preserve sample

Question 9

What is the chemical used in karyogram

Answer 9

Colchicine

Question 10

Error in chromosome number
Involves loss or addition or entire chromosome

Answer 10

Aneuploidy

Question 11

Aneuploidy is caused by?

Answer 11

Nondisjunction
(distribution are not equal)

Question 12

Losing one chromosome

Answer 12

Monosomy (2n-1)

Question 13

Gaining an extraneous chromosome

Answer 13

Trisomy (2n+1)

Question 14

Occurs when homologous chromosome pairs/ sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

Answer 14

Nondisjunction

Question 15

Misaligned or incomplete synapsis, or a spindle apparatus dysfunction that facilitates chromosome migration, can cause _____

Answer 15

Nondisjunction

Question 16

The risk of nondisjunction
occurring increases with the _____ age.

Answer 16

parents’s

Question 17

When can nondisjunction occur?

Answer 17

During either meiosis I or II

Question 18

If homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I, the result is ________ that lack that particular chromosome and two gametes with two chromosome copies.

Answer 18

two gametes

Question 19

If sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II, the result is ______ that lacks that chromosome, two normal gametes with
one chromosome copy, and one gamete with two chromosome copies.

Answer 19

one gamete

Question 20

Examples of Autosomal Nondisjunction

Answer 20

Down’ Syndrome
Patau Syndrome
Edward Syndrome

Question 21

Short stature and stunted digits, facial distinctions that include a broad skull and large tongue, and significant developmental delays characterize individuals with this
inherited disorder

Answer 21

Down’ Syndrome

Question 22

We can correlate the incidence of Down syndrome with ______

Answer 22

maternal age

Question 23

TRUE OR FALSE?
Younger women are more likely to become pregnant with fetuses carrying the trisomy 21
genotype

Answer 23

FALSE. Older women

Question 24

What syndrome has extra copy in chromosome 21? (Trisomy 21)

Answer 24

Down’ Syndrome

Question 25

Sex Chromosome Nondisjunction examples

Answer 25

Klinefelter Syndrome Jacob's yndrome Trisomy X Turner's Syndrome

Question 26

o has 47 chromosomes (+1) o XXY o Poor male sex organ development; subfertility enlarged breast, little to no sperms, no body hair, and broader hips

Answer 26

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 27

Can be also called as XYY Syndrome

Answer 27

Jacob's Syndrome

Question 28

o Affects male children o Can have children o Has 47 chromosomes

Answer 28

Jacob's Syndrome

Question 29

o No distinct physical features and mostly show behavioral difference o Increased risk of learning disabilities and delayed development of speech and language skills. o can have delayed development of motor skills (such as sitting and walking) or weak muscle tone (hypotonia).

Answer 29

Jacob's Syndrome

Question 30

Another term for trisomy X?

Answer 30

Triple X Syndrome

Question 31

o 47 chromosomes o Affects female o There are three X chromosomes and no Y chromosome o Seizures or kidney abnormalities occur in about 10% of affected females.

Answer 31

Trisomy X

Question 32

Another term for Turner's Syndrome?

Answer 32

Monosomy X

Question 33

o 45 chromosomes o No Y chromosomes o They are genetically female, but they do not mature sexually during puberty.

Answer 33

Turner's Syndrome

Question 34

o Web-like neck, fingernails, and toenails that are narrow and turned upward, slightly smaller than average height at birth, and short fingers and toes.

Answer 34

Turner's Syndrome

Question 35

Double, duplicate only a segment of chromosome - Deletion - Translocation - Inversion

Answer 35

Chromosomal Alteration

Question 36

Examples of Chromosomal Alterations (Structural Changes)

Answer 36

Duplication Deletion Translocation

Question 37

Happens if the fragment joins the homologous chromosome, then that region is repeated

Answer 37

Duplication

Question 38

Pallister Killian syndrome, where part of the #12 chromosome is duplicated.

Answer 38

Duplication

Question 39

where a portion or part of the chromosome is lost during the cell division and the result is mostly lethal (Cri du Chat)

Answer 39

Deletion

Question 40

where a small part of the chromosome is moved to another chromosome.

Answer 40

Translocation

Question 41

The number of chromosomes is not changed but there are changes in phenotypic expression since genes are placed in other locations.

Answer 41

Translocation

Question 42

If there is an exchange with the parts of a chromosome, it is called ________ but if there is no exchange, just a transfer then it is ___________.

Answer 42

reciprocal translocation non-reciprocal translocation

Question 43

______ involving human chromosomes are linked to a number of disorders, including mental retardation, infertility, and cancer.

Answer 43

Translocation