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Mamdelian 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process where 1 diploid cell divides to form 2 diploid cells.

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2
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process where 1 diploid cell divides to form 4 haploid cells.

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3
Q

List the main events of mitosis.

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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4
Q

Outline the stages of meiosis.

A
  • DNA replication
  • Pairing of homologous chromosomes
  • Crossing over (recombination)
  • First meiotic division
  • Second meiotic division
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5
Q

What is the genetic significance of meiosis?

A

Meiosis creates haploid gametes and generates genetic diversity.

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6
Q

Define haploid.

A

A cell with one set of chromosomes (1N).

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7
Q

Define diploid.

A

A cell with two sets of chromosomes (2N).

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8
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic composition of an organism, referring to the sets of alleles.

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9
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable properties of an organism produced by the combination of genotype and environment.

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10
Q

Define allele.

A

One of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene.

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11
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Alleles that are phenotypically expressed in homozygous or heterozygous state.

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12
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Alleles that are phenotypically expressed only in homozygous state.

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13
Q

What is a wild type?

A

The genotype or phenotype that is most commonly found in nature or in standard laboratory stock.

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14
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross between two individuals used to study patterns of inheritance.

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15
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross used to study different alleles of the same gene.

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16
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross used to study the alleles of two genes that are on different chromosomes (independent segregation).

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17
Q

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

A

To visualize the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring of different genetic crosses.

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18
Q

What is Chi-square analysis used for?

A

To evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data.

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19
Q

What is the relationship between paternal generation (P) and their offspring (F1)?

A

F1 are the immediate offspring of the P generation.

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20
Q

Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.

A
  • Homozygous: same alleles
  • Heterozygous: different alleles
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21
Q

What does it mean for a gene to be expressed?

A

It means the gene’s information is used to produce a functional product, typically a protein.

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22
Q

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

A

It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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23
Q

True or False: All alleles produce functional proteins.

A

False.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The genotype refers to the _______.

Study These Flashcards
A

[genetic composition of an organism]

25
Fill in the blank: A _______ is the observable expression of a genotype.
[phenotype]
26
What are the two types of cell division?
* Mitosis * Meiosis
27
What does the term 'recombination' refer to?
The process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
28
What is the chromosome complement for diploids?
2N.
29
What is the chromosome complement for haploids?
1N.
30
What is the outcome of a dihybrid cross in terms of allele segregation?
Independent segregation of alleles.
31
What is the role of insulin in relation to genotype?
Insulin's activity can vary based on the genotype, affecting phenotype.
32
What does it mean if an allele is silent?
It does not cause a change in the protein sequence.
33
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Make more cells
34
What is the outcome of meiosis?
1 diploid cell to 4 haploid cells
35
What does recombination in meiosis produce?
Gametes
36
What is a homozygous genotype?
Both alleles are the same
37
What is a heterozygous genotype?
Two different alleles
38
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
An organism’s characteristics are controlled by factors that occur singly in the gametes
39
What does a Punnett’s Square help to determine?
Gametes made by each parent and the genotype of the zygote
40
What is the expected genotype of all F1 generation plants from a monohybrid cross?
Heterozygous (Pp)
41
What phenotypic ratio is expected in the F2 generation from a monohybrid cross?
3:1 ratio
42
In a dihybrid cross, what are the dominant alleles for smoothness and color?
S (smooth) and Y (yellow)
43
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation
44
What is the phenotypic ratio expected in the F2 generation from a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1 ratio
45
What defines a dominant allele?
It masks the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygous genotype
46
Fill in the blank: The allele for white flower color is _______.
p
47
What is the result of crossing two true breeding homozygous plants?
All F1 offspring are heterozygous
48
What does the term 'true breeding' imply?
Homozygous genotype
49
What happens to alleles during meiosis?
They are separated into different gametes
50
What type of genetic information can be organized using a Punnett’s Square?
Genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
51
What is the significance of the 3:1 ratio in Mendelian genetics?
It indicates the dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation
52
What is the role of the bHLH gene in flower color?
Activates transcription of genes for purple anthocyanin production
53
What does the Sgr gene affect in seed color?
Breaks down chlorophyll leading to yellow seeds
54
What does the Sbe1 gene influence in seed shape?
Converts amylose to amylopectin, affecting osmotic balance
55
Fill in the blank: A plant must be _______ for a mutant allele to not produce any functional protein.
homozygous
56
How does Mendel's Law of Segregation explain the reappearance of traits in F2?
Each allele is separated during gamete formation
57
What ratio represents the expected genotypes from a dihybrid cross?
1:2:1 for each gene pair
58
True or False: Genes that are linked assort independently.
False
59
What is the expected outcome when crossing a homozygous dominant with a homozygous recessive?
All offspring will be heterozygous

Genetics (3 decks)

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