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Rel 106 > Mamm Phys Final > Flashcards

Mamm Phys Final Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Sympathetic Receptors

A

Preganglionic: ACh to nicotinic

Postganglionic: adrenergic

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2
Q

Atropine

A

PS antagonist bc antimuscurinic

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3
Q

Isopoterenal

A

Beta agonist

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4
Q

Thromboxane

A

Stimulates platelet aggregation

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5
Q

Proteins in blood clotting

A

PAC converts prothrombin -> thrombin, thrombin combines with fibrinogen to make fibrin monomer -> polymer

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6
Q

Vitamin K

A

Used in clotting factors

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7
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticiagulent; antagonist of vitamin K

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8
Q

EDTA

A

Anticoagulent; Ca chelator

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9
Q

Plasminogen

A

Turns into plasmin, which breaks down fibrin

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10
Q

TPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator, prevents clotting by causing fibrinolysis

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11
Q

Cardiac Output

A

blood pumped by heart; heart rate times stroke volume

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12
Q

Ionotropic chemicals

A

Affect contractility of the heart (positive= isoproterenol)

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13
Q

Chronotropic chemicals

A

Affect heart rate

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14
Q

Mean blood pressure

A

1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic blood pressure

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15
Q

Laminar flow

A

Blood moves through vessels in sheets

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16
Q

Reynolds number

A

(Rho x v x diameter)/n

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17
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

CO= MABP/TPR

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18
Q

Stimulating sympathetic neurons in lung and arterioles

A

Arterioles: vasoconstriction
Lungs: bronchodilation

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19
Q

Stimulating parasympathetic nerves to lung and heart:

A

Lung: bronchoconstriction
Heart: decreases heart rate

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20
Q

Patency

A

Cartilage holds open airways

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21
Q

Positive inspiration

A

Increasing atm pressure to force air into lungs

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22
Q

Relate Pip to inspiration/expiration

A

Low Pip= inspiration, high Pip= expiration

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23
Q

Respiratory control center

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Chemicals that cause bronchoconstriction

A

Histamine, prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene

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25
Anatomical dead space
Where no gas exchange can occur; Va=(Vt-Vd)f Includes low VQ ratios (shunt)
26
Physiological dead space
Vpds= Vads + %volume not doing gas exchange Includes high VQ ratios
27
PS receptors
Preganglionic: ACh to nicotinic receptor on ganglion Postganglionic: muscurinic
28
Primary vs secondary active transport
Primary: uses ATP secondary: paired with another ion thats going down its concentration gradient
29
Myelin forming neuroglia in CNS vs PNS
CNS: oligodendrocytes PNS: Schwann cells
30
Nernst equation
.058log(out/in)
31
Conduction speed equation
Lambda= sqrt (rm/ri) ``` Rm= resistance across diameter of an axon Ri= resistance down length of an axon ```
32
Neuromodulation vs neurotransmission
NM: NT starts a G protein pathway, metabotropic NT: NT starts an AP, ionotropic
33
What chemicals cause EPSP?
ACh, Glu
34
What chemicals cause IPSP
Gly, GABA
35
Small molecule NT vs peptide NT
Small: clear core, fast transmission Peptide: dense core, slow transmission
36
Ways/examples to inactivate NT
Reuptake into presynaptic cell or glial cell (serotonin) Enzymatic breakdown (ACh) Diffuse out of synaptic cleft (NE)
37
Pre vs postsynaptic modulation
Pre: modulate Ca current around cell to change release machinery Post: elongation of transmission timecourse
38
Relate Erev and IPSP vs EPSP
If Erev= Vm, then no change If Erev>Vm, then EPSP bc increases membrane potential If Erev
39
Electric vs Chemical synapse:
Electrical: fast, common in simple animals, excitatory, bidirectional, signal similar to presynaptic Chemical: slow, common in complex animals, excitatory or inhibitory, unidirectional (bc Na gates), signal doesn't have to be similar to presynaptic
40
AP vs PSP
PSP: fast, decremental, ligand gated channels AP: slow, all or none, voltage gated
41
Substance P
Involved in nociception, activates ascending pathways to CNS Inhibited by endogenous opiates
42
NT not packaged in vesicles:
NO and CO
43
Name the taste receptors and what they respond to:
Salt: na; sour: H+ and K+ Bitter: blocks K leak channels; Umami/Glu: calcium
44
Detection of light:
Cells constantly try to send signal; dark= Glu (inhibitor) released, light= no Glu
45
ON vs OFF cells
ON: distinguish btwn things that have a bright background OFF: distinguish btwn things with a dark background
46
Detection of sound:
Potassium enters the cell to get depolarization; role reversal of K and Na
47
Role of calcium in muscle contraction
Ca binds troponin which releases tropomyosin from the actin, allowing contraction to occur
48
Steps to cause muscle contraction:
1. ACh released at neuromuscular junction (motor end plate) 2. Signal goes to T tubule 3. Release Ca from SR 4. Calcium binds troponin to release tropomyosin from actin 5. Muscle contraction 6. Ca gets pumped back in SR 7. Tropomyosin rebinds actin
49
Gastrin
From g cells in stomach, increases stomach enzymes, decreases pH, increases stomach motility
50
CCK
Cholecystokinin; increases secretion of bile, pancreatic enzymes, relaxes sphincter of oddi
51
Secretin
Increases secretion of bile, pancreatic bicarbonate
52
GIP
Gastric inhibitory peptide; increases insulin secretion
53
Intrinsic factor
Secreted by parietal cells, binds with Vb12
54
Pepsinogen secreted by:
chief cells
55
G cells secrete:
Gastrin, which stimulates HCl secretion
56
Enterochromaffin like cell secretes _ which does:
Histamine, stimulates gastric secretion
57
D cells secrete _ which does:
Somatostatin, inhibits gastric acid secretion
58
First phase of stomach fxn:
Cephalic phase: prepares stomach to receive food, directed by vagus nerve, accelerates gastric juices
59
Second phase of stomach fxn:
Gastric: homogenize and acidify chyme, stimulated by presence of chyme, histamine regulates it
60
Third phase of gastric emptying
Intestinal: controls rate of chyme entering duodenum, stimulated by: low pH, presence of fatty acid, chyme, or irritants in stomach

Rel 106 (5 decks)

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