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WILD 350 > Mammal Terminology > Flashcards

Mammal Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory cusp

A

small cusp usually situated peripheral to main biting or crushing surface of tooth

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2
Q

aerial

A

pertaining to flying

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3
Q

alveolus

A

socket in jawbone that receives root(s) of tooth or contains base of evergrowing tooth

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4
Q

Alisphenoid canal

A

passageway in the base of alisphenoid bone through which a blood vessel passes
- anterior and posterior openings of the canal are the third and fourth foramina at the posterior base of the orbit

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5
Q

Ambulatory

A

pertaining to a walking habit as in bears and raccoons

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6
Q

Analogous

A

of similar function or appearance

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7
Q

Angular process

A

posteroventral bony projection of dentary ventral to condyloid (articular) process

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8
Q

antler

A

branched (usually), boney head ornament of frontal bone found in cervids, often only in males, covered with skin (velvet) during growth, shed annually

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9
Q

aquatic

A

lives predominantly in water

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10
Q

arboreal

A

lives predominately in trees ex. primates, squirrels, sloths

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11
Q

articular proccess (pr condyloid process)

A

posterior boney projection of dentary that supports the articular condyle (point of articulation between lower jaw and cranium)

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12
Q

articulate

A

to join or connect two adjacent bones

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13
Q

auditory bulla

A

bony capsule enclosing middle ear; when formed by tympanic bulla

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14
Q

Auditory Canal

A

bony tubular passage between tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus

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15
Q

Baculum

A

sesamoid bone (penis bone) in the penis of males of certain mammalian groups

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16
Q

basioccipital

A

unpaired bone at base of occipital complex

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17
Q

bipedal

A

walking on 2 feet

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18
Q

bone

A

hard, supportive structure consisting of cells distributed in a matrix of fibrous protein (collagen) and salt (chiefly calcium and phosphate)

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19
Q

Brachyodont

A

pertaining to a low-crowned tooth; such teeth are rooted. used to chew less abrasive foods such as fruit and meat

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20
Q

braducardia

A

refers to ability of some organisms to slow their heart rate

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21
Q

braincase

A

posterior portion of cranium, part that encloses and protects the brain

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22
Q

browsers

A

species which feed primarily on stems, twigs, buds and leaves

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23
Q

browtine

A

fist tine above base on an antler

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24
Q

bulla

A

a large blister or vesicle; bulb like

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25
Q

bunodont

A

low crowned, rectangular, grinding tooth, typical of omnivores

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26
Q

caecum

A

blind sac branching from the junction of the small and large intestines or from the large intestine and colon

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27
Q

calcar

A

a cartilaginous rod that projects from the ankle in many and serves to support the tail membrane. a similar structure protrudes laterally from the wrist or elbow of some rodents and supports the gliding membrane

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28
Q

canal

A

perforation or foramen, that tends to be elongated into a tube

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29
Q

canine

A

one of 4 basic kinds of mammalian teeth; anterior-most in maxilla; frequently elongate, uncuspid and single rooted; never more than one per quadrant

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30
Q

caniform

A

having the general shape of a canine

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31
Q

carnassial pair

A

pair of large bladelike teeth (last upper premolar and first lower molar) that occlude with scissor like (shearing) action, possessed by most modern carnivores

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32
Q

carnivore

A

meat eating

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33
Q

cartilage

A

relatively soft supporting tissue consisting of rounded cells in a matrix of polysaccahrides and fibrous protein (collagen)

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34
Q

cementum

A

hard substance, also bonelike (though softer than dentine), which covers the root of the tooth

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35
Q

cheekteeth

A

collectively postcanine teeth: premolars and molars

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36
Q

cingulum

A

enamel shelf bordering margin(s) of a tooth (cingulid used shelf of lower teeth)

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37
Q

classification

A

placement of groups in taxa

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38
Q

claw

A

keratinized projection at the tips of the digits; long, curve and sharply pointed

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39
Q

cloaca

A

“dumping ground” or chamber into which the reproductive, urinary and digestive products enter just before leaving the body

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40
Q

Condyloid process

A

posterior bony projection of dentary that supports the articular condyle (point of articulation between lower jaw and carnium)

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41
Q

coronoid process

A

posterior bony projection of dentary anterodorsal to articular process

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42
Q

coprophagous

A

refers to the consumption of fecal matter, in order to better digest fermented plant materials

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43
Q

convergent evolution

A

refers to the occurrence of similar characteristics evolved separately in unrelated groups

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44
Q

“conveyor belt” tooth replacement

A

condition in which cheek teeth are replaced from behind

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45
Q

cranium

A

collectively, bones that form upper part of skull (contains upper teeth and braincase); lower part of skull is the mandible

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46
Q

crepuscular

A

most active at dusk and dawn;twilight

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47
Q

crown

A

portion pf the tooth above the gum line

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48
Q

cursorial

A

mode of locomotion; adapted for running

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49
Q

cusp

A

point, projection or bump on crown (occlusal surface or chewing surface) of a tooth

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50
Q

cuspidate

A

presence of cusps on a tooth

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51
Q

cusplet (or secondary cusp)

A

small cusp

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52
Q

deciduous dentition (or milk teeth)

A

juvenile teeth, those that appear first in lifetime of a mammal, consisting or incisors, canines and premolars; generally replaced by adult (permanent) teeth

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53
Q

decurve

A

curve downwards

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54
Q

deflected

A

bent outwards or laterally

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55
Q

dental formula

A

numerical representation of the kind (incisor, canine, premolar, molar) and number of each kind of tooth on one side of the upper and one side of the lower mammalian jaws

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56
Q

dentary

A

bone of lower jaw, forming half of mandible

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57
Q

dentine

A

calcareous material. harder than bone but softer than enamel, which makes up much or most of a tooth

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58
Q

dewclaws (or dewhoofs)

A

clawed hoofed remnants of side toes in carnivores and artiodactyls, located just above the main functional digits

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59
Q

diastema

A

a gap or space between teeth. used most often to denote gap between incisors and cheekteeth in lagomorphs and rodents

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60
Q

digastric muscle

A

the primary muscle functioning to open the jaws

  • originates on the mastoid and paroccipital process and inserts on the lower border of the mandible
  • prominent in many herbivores
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61
Q

digits

A

toes

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62
Q

digitigrade

A

walking of tips of carpals/tarsals, metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

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63
Q

diphyodont

A

having two sets of teeth, the condition of most mammals

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64
Q

diurnal

A

most active during day

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65
Q

ectothermic

A

using environmental heat sources to thermoregulate

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66
Q

enamel

A

layer of material (usually outermost layer) covering a tooth; hardest substance in the body

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67
Q

enamel plate

A

a segment or portion of a tooth that is heavily invested with enamel

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68
Q

endothermic

A

producing thermoregulatory heat internally

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69
Q

external auditory meatus

A

round boney oriface or opening that is covered by eardrum

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70
Q

fenestration

A

opening; in current work applied to specialized openings in the crania pr lagomorphs and cervids; having a network of irregular perforations or holes

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71
Q

flange

A

a laterally compressed or flattened protion of bone that increase the surface area

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72
Q

foramen

A

opening in bone which passes nerves, blood vessels, or muscules

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73
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening on posterior of a cranium through which passes the spinal cord

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74
Q

foregut fermenters

A

fermentation of cellulose occurs (before absorption of carbohydrates and proteins) in compartment development from the esophagus

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75
Q

fossa

A

a shallow depression on surface of bone. usually forming a site of muscular attachment or bone articulation

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76
Q

fossorial

A

lives predominantly underground

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77
Q

frontal

A

paired bone of cranium, near orbit, situated posterior to nasal and anterior to parietal

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78
Q

frontal appendages

A

bone growth (horn or antlers) arising from frontal bones

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79
Q

frugivores

A

generally, species who consume the reproductive part of plants, in particular fleshy fruits. May or may not consume seeds

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80
Q

globular

A

globe like, spherical

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81
Q

granivores

A

species which feed on fruits but particularly on seeds or nuts. fleshy part of fruits may or may not be consumed

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82
Q

grazers

A

species which feed mainly on grasses

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83
Q

guard hairs

A

the prominent, coarse hair in the pelage of mammals. Examples:spines, bristles and mane hairs

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84
Q

Gumivores

A

species whose main food source comes from the exudates of trees- sap, resins, or gums

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85
Q

herbivore

A

plant eating

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86
Q

heterodont

A

dentition in which there are teeth of different forms

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87
Q

heterothermic

A

having a variable body temperature

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88
Q

handgun fermenter

A

“Caecalids”, fermentation occurs in caecum, therefore digestion and absorption of protein and soluble carbohydrates occur before microbial breakdown of cellulose

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89
Q

holarctic region

A

zoogeographic region which collectively comprises the Palearctic and Narcotic regions

90
Q

homothermic

A

having constant internal temperature

91
Q

homodont

A

dentition in which the teeth closely resemble one another

92
Q

homologous

A

resulting from common ancestor, or of the same origin

93
Q

hood (hoofs or hooves)

A

keratinized projection at the tips of digits that completely encase the tip of the phalanx

94
Q

horn

A

frontal appendage with a permanent bony core covered with comprised hair like material (keratin); the covering is not shed in bovids but is shed annually in antilocaprids

95
Q

Hypsodont

A

pertaining to a high-crowned tooth; such teeth have shallow roots.
- adapted to withstand wear of abrasive substances contained in vegetation such as silica in grass

96
Q

incisiform

A

having general form of an incisor

97
Q

incisive foramen

A

anterior palatine foramen or palatine slit

98
Q

incisor

A

one of 4 basic kinds of mammalian teeth that, when present, originate in pre maxilla of cranium; anteriormost teeth (those in front of canines) in lower jaw

99
Q

inflated

A

enlarged or expanded, not flattened or compressed

100
Q

inflected

A

bent inward or medially

101
Q

infraorbital canal

A

canal through zygomatic process of maxilla from wall of orbit to side of rostrum, where it passes through infraorbital foramen

102
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

opening in maxilla from orbit onto the face (rostrum or cranium)

103
Q

insectivore

A

insect eating

104
Q

Insertion

A

the site of attachment of muscle (usually on a bone) on the more movable of the two elements, or bones, that are joined by the muscles

105
Q

inter femoral membrane

A

membrane between tail and hindlimb in bats

106
Q

interorbital breadth

A

interorbital constriction

107
Q

interparietal

A

unpaired bone of cranium at juncture of paired parietals with supra occipital

108
Q

ischial callosities

A

a pair of naked, thickly keratinized skin patches on the rump of certain primates

109
Q

jugal (or Malar)

A

mid bone in zygomatic arch

110
Q

Hugo-Maxillary structure

A

juncture between juggle and maxillary bones at anterior margin of zygomatic arch

111
Q

labial

A

pertaining to lip; for example labial side of tooth is that side nearer lips rather than tongue; lateral surface of a tooth. on the cheek side of the tooth

112
Q

Lacrimal

A

paired bone of cranium situated in anterior position of orbit, between juggle and frontal bones; has small openings for tear (lacrimal duct)

113
Q

lacrimal pit

A

pit or opening in lacrimal bone containing tear duct

114
Q

lambdoidal ridge (or lambdoidal crest)

A

bony ridge at juncture of occiput and parietal bones

115
Q

lingual

A

pertaining to tongue; example: lingual side of tooth’s nearer longer rather than lips

116
Q

lophodont

A

type of molar, having a complex, folded cusp pattern providing grinding surface area for herbivory

117
Q

Lyre-shaped

A

shaped as the lyre

118
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw, formed by paired dentary bones

119
Q

Mandibular fossa (or glenoid fossa)

A

concavity on ventral surface of zygomatic arm of squamosal with which the denture articulates

120
Q

manus

A

hand milk dentition: first set of deciduous teeth in immature mammals

121
Q

Masseter Muscle

A

a muscle often consisting of several bands that originates on and adjacent to the zygomatic arch and insert mostly in the masseteric fossa of the lower jaw

122
Q

Mastoid

A

paired bone of skull, bordered by squamosal, exoccipital and tympanic

123
Q

Mastoid Bulla

A

that part of bulgar region covered by mastoid (mastoid) bone

124
Q

Maxilla (or maxillary)

A

Paired bone of skull situated behind pre maxilla and anterior to palatine; this bone bears all upper teeth except incisors

125
Q

Maxillary tooth row

A

length of upper row of teeth, in maxillary bone (thus always excluding incisors); measurement usually taken at alveoli

126
Q

mesopterygoid fossa

A

shallow area posterior to internal nares and between pterygoid bones

127
Q

molar

A

one of 4 basic kinds of mammalian teeth located posterior to premolars; molars have no deciduous precursors

128
Q

molariform

A

having the general form of a molar; most often used to describe molar like premolars

129
Q

Myrmecophagous

A

ant eating

130
Q

monocular

A

two eyes, sometimes facing in different directions, seeing separate of somewhat separate images

131
Q

monophyodont

A

having only one set of teeth

132
Q

nail

A

keratinized projection at the tips of digits, usually short, flat and blunt

133
Q

nares

A

openings, external and internal, of the nasal passage

134
Q

nasal

A

paired bone of cranium situated on anterodorsal surface of skull

135
Q

nearctic region

A

zoogeographic region containing temperate and arctic regions of the new world (north american and south to centra mexico)

136
Q

nectarivores

A

species whose principal dietary component much of the year consists of pollen or nectar

137
Q

Neotropic region

A

zoogeographic region containing tropics of the new world (central mexico and South America and West Indies)

138
Q

neonate

A

term used refer to newborn metatherians

139
Q

neopallium

A

refers to the non-olfactory portion of cerebral cortex

140
Q

neoteny

A

refers to the situation where an animal retains throughout its life features which, in its ancestors would be considered typical of an immature state in life cycle

141
Q

nocturnal

A

most active at night

142
Q

occipital condyle

A

surface of articulation between cranium and first cervical vertebra; two such condyles in mammals, on either side of foramen magnum

143
Q

Occlusal surface

A

the part of the tooth which contacts another tooth (in opposing jaw) in an animals bite, important in understanding how an animal chews

144
Q

orbit

A

space (socket for the eye)

145
Q

origin

A

site of attachment of muscles (usually on a bone) of the less movable of the two elements, or bones, that are joined by the muscle

146
Q

Palatal bridge

A

bony tooth-bearing plate behind diastema; especially well developed in lagomorphs and rodentia

147
Q

Palatal emargination

A

indentation at anterior margin of rostrum (in pre maxillae), particularly in bats

148
Q

palate

A

bony plate in rood of mouth formed by fusion of pre maxillae, maxillae and palatines

149
Q

Palearctic region

A

zoogeographic region containing temperate and arctic regions of old world

150
Q

Palmated

A

form like the palm of a hand; term applied to antlers in which at least some spaces between tines are filled with bony growth

151
Q

parietal

A

paired bone of skull that is situated posterior to frontal and dorsal to squamosal

152
Q

par occipital process

A

bony projection extending ventrally from or located ventrally on, par occipital bone

153
Q

pelage

A

hair, fur

154
Q

pentadatyl

A

5 toed

155
Q

perforate

A

pierced by an opening

156
Q

Pes

A

foot

157
Q

Pinna (pl. pinnae)

A

fleshy skin flap that surrounds the external ear opening

158
Q

piscivore

A

fish eating

159
Q

placenta analogue

A

the placental(s) which fills the same ecological niche as a given marsupial

160
Q

plantigrade

A

walking on carpals/tarsals, metacarpals/metatarsals and phlanges

161
Q

Poikilothermic

A

having a varied internal temperature

162
Q

Post canine teeth

A

collectively, teeth behind canines

163
Q

Posterior lacerate foramen (or jugular foramen)

A

opening in basicranual region between tympanic bulla and basiooccipital

164
Q

posterior palatine foramen

A

small opening in hard palate near juncture of maxillae and palatines

165
Q

postorbital bar

A

complete dorsoventral connection (bar) of the bone posterior to orbit; results from fusion of postorbital process of frontal and postorbital process of jugal

166
Q

Postorbital process on frontal

A

bony projection of frontal bone posterior to orbit

167
Q

posterorbital process of jugal

A

bony projection of judal bone posterior to orbit

168
Q

Preglenoid crest

A

bony ridge or shelf on anterior part of gelnoid (mandibular) fossa, especially well developed in carnivores

169
Q

Premaxilla

A

paired bone in anterior or cranium; point of origin of upper incisors

170
Q

premolar

A

1 of 4 basic kinds of mammalian teeth, situated between canines and molars

171
Q

Prismatic

A

cheek teeth (especially of rodents) with well developed triangles (or prisms) of enabled surrounding basins of dentine

172
Q

process

A

small boney projection

173
Q

Procumbent

A

protruding or projecting forward, such as procumbent incisors

174
Q

Pterygoid

A

paired bone on ventral surface of cranium, posterior to palatine and anterior to alisphenoids forms border of internal nares

175
Q

pulp

A

central, living portion of a tooth, supplied with blood vessels and nerves

176
Q

Quadrant

A

one-fourth of the total complement of teeth; one side of upper or one side of lower jaw

177
Q

Quadruped

A

walking on four limbs

178
Q

Re-entrant angle

A

unfolds of enamel on the side, from or posterior part of a tooth

179
Q

Rhinarium

A

naked nose pad

180
Q

Ricochetal

A

adapted to bipedal jumping

181
Q

root

A

portion of the tooth below the gum line, fitting into the alveolus or jaw socket, teeth have between one and 3 roots depending on type

182
Q

rooted teeth

A

teeth, which stop growing at certain size

183
Q

rootless teeth

A

teeth,which grow throughout the life of the animal

184
Q

rostrum

A

portion of cranium anterior to orbit. nose.

185
Q

Ruminant

A

ungulate with specialized 4 chambered digestive system; ud-chewing mammals

186
Q

sagital crest

A

raised bony ridge on mid dorsal aspect of cranium; well developed in carnivores

187
Q

saltatorial

A

adapted for quadrupedal jumping

188
Q

sanguivore

A

blood eating

189
Q

Scansorial

A

climbing by use of claws. lives predominately in trees and on ground

190
Q

scutes

A

flat bony plates of dermal tissue covered by epidermis forming the outer shell of armadillos

191
Q

secodont

A

tooth that is compressed to increase shearing action; well developed in carnassial of some carnivores

192
Q

secondary cusp

A

cusplet

193
Q

selenodont

A

cusp pattern of molars in which individual cusps are crescent shaped; highly developed in ungulates

194
Q

semiprismatic

A

cheek teeth (especially of rodents) with partially closed (slight re-entrant angles) triangles (or prisms) or enamel surrounding dentine

195
Q

Sesamoid

A

bone formed in a tendon

196
Q

Skull

A

cranium plus mandible

197
Q

Squamosal

A

paired bone of cranium of posterolateral surface of skull

198
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

2 forward-facing eyes seeing one combined image, allowing for increased depth perception

199
Q

supraorbital process

A

bony projection above orbit on frontal bone;especially well developed in lagomorphs

200
Q

supraorbital shelf

A

small bony ridge on dorsal margin of orbit on frontal and parietal bones

201
Q

Suture

A

point of contact (or juncture) and fusion between adjacent bones

202
Q

Syndactyle

A

having digits, which as fused together

203
Q

talon(id)

A

a posterior “tail” or expansion on an upper (lower)cheek tooth with produces a square outline to the tooth and expands the crushing surface

204
Q

taxonomy

A

discipline of classifying organisms

205
Q

temporal muscle

A

the muscle that originates on the posterodorsal and lateral portions of the braincase and insert chiefly on the coronoid process of the lower jaw

206
Q

temporal ridge

A

bony ridge on frontal and parietal bones

207
Q

terrestrial

A

lives mainly on ground

208
Q

tragus

A

a projection of skin that arises at the anteroventral margin of the pinna. found in most bats and springhares

209
Q

truncated

A

abruptly or sharply marked, having a square of broad end; sometimes appearing as cut off

210
Q

Tuberculo-sectorial

A

a tritubercular tooth with sharp cutting edges (cusps)

211
Q

tympanum

A

of, or pertaining to, bony ring, as in serum that des not form a complete bulla

212
Q

underfur

A

soft, often woolly insulate hairs in the pelage of mammals. provides the bulk of the hair covering in most species

213
Q

ungulates

A

hooded animals

214
Q

Unguligrade

A

walking on tip(s) of phalanges

215
Q

unicuspid

A

with single, well developed cusp

216
Q

uropatagium

A

portion of flight membrane of bates situated between legs; encloses tail or part of tail

217
Q

Vibrissae

A

ling whiskers specialized as tactile receptors, commonly located in facial region

218
Q

vomer

A

unpaired bone of cranium that may form septum in nasal passage

219
Q

Zygomatic arch (or Zygoma)

A

arch of bone protecting orbit; formed by juggle and compliments of maxillary and squamosal bones

220
Q

Zygomatic breadth

A

measurement between the outer most points of arches

221
Q

zygomatic plate

A

plate like extension of maxilla in anterior part of zygoma

WILD 350 (3 decks)

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