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WILD 350 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mammal?

A

group of animals with backbones, have hair, nurse infants with milk, share unique dentition and jaw articulation

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2
Q

subclasses

A

Prototheria and Theria

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3
Q

Theria split into..?

A

Metatheria and Eutheria

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4
Q

Prototheria?

A

egg laying, monotremes

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5
Q

Metatheria?

A

marsupials

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6
Q

Eutheria?

A

placental mammals

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7
Q

How long did mammals coexist with dinosaurs?

A

2/3 of their history

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8
Q

What were first mammals like?

A

nocturnal, endothermic and lactating, not numerous but very diverse, short lived species

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9
Q

Estimated weight of first mammals?

A

2-12kg

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10
Q

Types of diversity of living mammals? or contribution to diversity of mammals??

A
  • Phylogenetic (evolutionary lineages)
  • Biogeographic (where in the world)
  • Allometric (how big)
  • Life history (reproduction)
  • Locomotory
  • trophic
  • habitat
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11
Q

Examples of Prototherian mammals?

A

Echidna, platypus

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12
Q

Examples of metatherian mammals?

A

opossums, monito del monte, kangaroos, koalas, possums

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13
Q

Examples of Eutherian mammals?

A

elephants, golden moles, bats, cats, weasels, whales, apes

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14
Q

Common names from Monotremata?

A

Echidna, platypus

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15
Q

common names from Didelphimorphia? (metatheria)

A

New world oppossums

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16
Q

Paucituberculata? (metatheria)

A

rat opossums

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17
Q

Paramelemorphia? (Metatheria)

A

Bandicoots

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18
Q

Notorycyctemorphia? (Metetheria)

A

Marsupial moles

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19
Q

Dasyuromorphia? (Metatheria)

A

Quolls, dunnarts

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20
Q

Microbiotheria? (metatheria)

A

Monito del monte

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21
Q

Diprotodontia? (Metatheria)

A

kangaroos, koalas, possums

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22
Q

Proboscidea? (Eutherian)

A

elephants

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23
Q

Hyracoidea? (Eutheria)

A

hyraxes

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24
Q

Sirenia? (Eutheria)

A

dugongs, manatees

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25
Q

Tubulidentata? (Eutheria)

A

aardvark

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26
Q

Macroscelidea? (Eutheria)

A

elephant shrews

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27
Q

Afrosoricida? (Eutherian)

A

golden moles, tenrecs

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28
Q

Xenarthra? (eutherian)

A

anteaters, sloths, armadillos

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29
Q

Eulipotyphla? (eutherian)

A

shrews, moles, hedgehogs

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30
Q

Chiroptera? (eutherian)

A

bats

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31
Q

Carnivora? (Eutherian)

A

cats, dogs, bears, seals, weasels

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32
Q

Perrisodactyla? (eutherian)

A

horses, rhinos, tapirs

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33
Q

Artiodactyla? (Eutherian)

A

deer, pigs, antelope, camels

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34
Q

Cetacea? (eutherian)

A

whales, dolphins

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35
Q

Scandentia? (eutherian)

A

tree shrews

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36
Q

Dermoptera? (eutherians)

A

colugos

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37
Q

Primates? (eutherian)

A

lemurs, monkeys, apes

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38
Q

Lagomorpha? (eutherian)

A

hares, rabbits, pikas

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39
Q

Rodentia? (eutherian)

A

mice, squirrels, capybara

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40
Q

Where are prototherians found?

A

restricted to Australia and New Guinea

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41
Q

Where are metatherians found?

A

Mostly in Australia and New Guinea, some in South America, few in North America

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42
Q

What Eutherians have the greatest number/species diversity?

A

rodentia

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43
Q

Zhe-Xi Luo?

A

Organismal Bio and U Chicago.

early evolution of mammals, Mesozoic diversity, key mammalian innovations

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44
Q

Evolutionary trends in Mammalian dentition?

A 
Heterodonty
triconodont molars
diphyodontia
tribosphenic molars
diastema
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45
Q

Heterodonty?

A

teeth varying in form and function

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46
Q

Triconodont Molars?

A

molars with 3 cusps arranged along anterior-posterior ridge

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47
Q

Diphyodontia?

A

replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth

48
Q

Tribosphenic molars?

A

grinding and cutting;
term coined by GG simpson;
key mammal innovation during late Mesozoic and evolved independently

49
Q

Diastema?

A

gap between adjacent teeth

50
Q

Incisors in rodents and Lagomorpha?

A

chisels for hard food, arc shaped and ever growing

51
Q

Incisors in Artiodactyla?

A

tape dispensers for vegetation, upper incisors absent

52
Q

Incisors in Shrews (insectivora)?

A

Forceps for insects, project forward

53
Q

Incisors in Vampire bats?

A

razor blades for cutting tissue

54
Q

Cheek teeth types? (4)

A
  • Bunodont
  • Lophodont
  • Selenodont
  • Carnassial
55
Q

Bunodont teeth?

A
  • cheek teeth
    rounded cusps
  • ex. primates and pigs
56
Q

Lophodont teeth?

A

Continuous ridges or lophs

-ex. elephants, tapirs, rodents

57
Q

Selenodont teeth?

A

isolated and crescent shaped ridges

- ex. deer and antelope

58
Q

Carnassial teeth?

A

scissor action for shearing flesh

- ex. dogs and cats

59
Q

elephant Tusks are incisors or canines?

A

incisors

60
Q

narwhal tusks are incisors or canines?

A

incisors

61
Q

Jukka Jernvall?

A

U of Helsinki

- mammal palaeontology, evo-devo of mammals, studied mammal dentition, fossil records of primates

62
Q

integument?

A

outer, boundary layer between animal and environment

63
Q

Skin split into…?

A

Cutis and Subcutis

64
Q

Cutis made up of..?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

65
Q

Epidermis?

A

primarily keratinized cells, aneural and avascular, nourished by diffusion from the dermis

66
Q

Dermis?

A

composed of collagen (provides strength), elastin (provides elasticity)

67
Q

Subcutis or Hypodermis?

A

Lowermost layer of integument, composed primarily of loose connective tissue and fat lobules.
contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in dermis

68
Q

Dermis composed of..?

A

papillary dermis and reticular dermis

69
Q

Papillary Dermis?

A

sends papillae contained blood capillaries or tactile receptors into epidermis

70
Q

Follicles

A

pits in skin where hair grows out of

71
Q

sebaceous glands?

A

secrete oily substance

72
Q

root?

A

base of hair that is sunk in skin

73
Q

shaft of hair?

A

portion that emerges beyond the skin

74
Q

hair shaft composed primarily of protein ..?

A

Keratin

75
Q

Hair shaft composed on 3 layers called.?

A

cuticle, cortex and medulla

76
Q

Cuticle of hair shaft?

A

outer layer; composed of scales arranged in taxa distinctive, overlapping patterns

77
Q

Cortex of hair shaft?

A

middle layer, pigmented

78
Q

Medulla of hair shaft?

A

centre of hair shaft, made of large cuboidal cells, distinctively coloured and interspersed with air pockets

79
Q

guard hairs?

A

overlay fur and protect it

80
Q

underfur?

A

beneath guard hairs and made of wool, fur and velli

81
Q

Hair functions/used for?

A

Insulation, Vibrissae, quills and armour, coloration

82
Q

“Naked Ape”, hair loss drivers?

A
  • body cooling hypothesis
  • aquatic ape hypothesis
  • reduced ectoparasite load hypothesis
  • sexual selection hypothesis
83
Q

Scholander?

A

U of Oslo, Air Force, Harvard, institution of Oceanography

- hair as insulation on mammals, arctic research

84
Q

What does pinna do?

A

localizes midsagittal sound

85
Q

What do mobile pinnae permit?

A
  • separation of visual and auditory concentration
  • multiple sampling of acoustic objects
  • separation of pinnae and non-pinnae components of ARF (Anatomical transfer function)
86
Q

Anatomical Transer function (ATF)?

A

sounds coming from different directions are differentially scattered/filtered by pinnae and non-penal features

87
Q

Eustachian Tube?

A

part of middle ear;

communicates with throat to maintain equal pressure on either side of the tympanum

88
Q

Middle Ear ossicles?

A
  • part of middle ear
  • composed on malleus, incus and stapes
  • derived from articulation point of snapsid jaw
89
Q

Acoustic Impedance Mismatch overcome by?

A
  • ossicles connected in series and mechanically coupled to tympanum of outer ear and oval window of inner ear
  • oval window much smaller than tympanum
90
Q

Oval Window?

A

Part of inner ear;

membrane that transmits sound waves from middle ear ossicles to cochlea

91
Q

Cochlea?

A

part of inner ear;

liquid filled tapered tube containing hair cell receptors for converting soon waves into electrical stimuli

92
Q

Round window?

A

part of inner ear;

membrane that dissipates pressure waves transmitted through the cochlea

93
Q

Cochlear hair cells?

A

part of inner ear;

translate mechanical sound wave into sensory stimulus

94
Q

Echolocation?

A

process of emitting sounds and using the intro from returning echoes to sense the surrounding environment

95
Q

Narrowband shallow FM?

A

allow precise tuning of auditory neutrons, ideal for detecting weak echoes from small, distant targets, limited precision target localization and characterization

96
Q

Broadband steep FM?

A

sweep through the tuning areas of many auditory neutrons, ideal for accurate target localization and characterization, lack long range, weak each capacity of narrowband signals

97
Q

Aerial foragers?

A

maximize range with longer, higher intensity (scream), lower freq., narrower band calls

98
Q

Gleaners

A

maximize localization and characterization with short, low intensity (whisper), high frequency, wide band calls and by listening to passive prey noises

99
Q

flutter-deleting foragers

A

use Dopler shifted reception of high duty cycles to characterize prey according to wing beat pattern

100
Q

Brock Fenton

A

Canada’s bat man
Western;
bat behaviour, ecology and evolution, echolocation

101
Q

Olfaction?

A

sense of smell; chemoreception of molecules from distant sources

102
Q

taste?

A

chemoreception of signals from material that is in direct contact with the receptive structure

103
Q

Rostrum?

A

anterior portion of cranium

104
Q

Proboscis?

A

long, flexible snout

105
Q

Olfactory Neuroepithelium?

A

lines cartilaginous turbinates in upper regions of nasal cavity

106
Q

olfactory receptor cells?

A

terminate in fine cilia that lie in thin mucus layer, 6-10 million present in neuroepithelium

107
Q

olfactory receptors?

A

protein structure in cilia membrane that differentially bind odourant molecules, translate chemical signals to neural signals

108
Q

Main Olfactory Epithelium used to?

A

find food, detect predators and prey, detect scent marks

109
Q

Vomeronasal system?

A

detects pheromones

extremely sensitive and highly specific

110
Q

Bruce Effect?

A

newly mated female mice return to estrus if exposed to chemosignals of strange males prior to embryo plantation

111
Q

Written effect?

A

female mice, rendered anestrus by group housing, initiate estrus in response to male chemosignals

112
Q

Vandenberg effect?

A

acceleration of puberty in young female mice in response to male chemosignals

113
Q

Pheromones?

A

chemical signals for infraspecific communication

- can modify physiological state of receiver (primers) or modify probability of behavioural response (releasers)

114
Q

Linda Buck?

A

Neurobio, Cancer research, studied mechanisms behind door perception and pheromone sensing in mammals

115
Q

Allometry?

A

study of how biological phenomena vary according to body size

116
Q

Allometry equations predict..?

A

predict variation in biological traits as function of body size

117
Q

James Brown?

A

UCLA, U of New Mexico,

H factor 115, allometry

WILD 350 (3 decks)

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