midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What is a mammal?
A
group of animals with backbones, have hair, nurse infants with milk, share unique dentition and jaw articulation
2
Q
subclasses
A
Prototheria and Theria
3
Q
Theria split into..?
A
Metatheria and Eutheria
4
Q
Prototheria?
A
egg laying, monotremes
5
Q
Metatheria?
A
marsupials
6
Q
Eutheria?
A
placental mammals
7
Q
How long did mammals coexist with dinosaurs?
A
2/3 of their history
8
Q
What were first mammals like?
A
nocturnal, endothermic and lactating, not numerous but very diverse, short lived species
9
Q
Estimated weight of first mammals?
A
2-12kg
10
Q
Types of diversity of living mammals? or contribution to diversity of mammals??
A
- Phylogenetic (evolutionary lineages)
- Biogeographic (where in the world)
- Allometric (how big)
- Life history (reproduction)
- Locomotory
- trophic
- habitat
11
Q
Examples of Prototherian mammals?
A
Echidna, platypus
12
Q
Examples of metatherian mammals?
A
opossums, monito del monte, kangaroos, koalas, possums
13
Q
Examples of Eutherian mammals?
A
elephants, golden moles, bats, cats, weasels, whales, apes
14
Q
Common names from Monotremata?
A
Echidna, platypus
15
Q
common names from Didelphimorphia? (metatheria)
A
New world oppossums
16
Q
Paucituberculata? (metatheria)
A
rat opossums
17
Q
Paramelemorphia? (Metatheria)
A
Bandicoots
18
Q
Notorycyctemorphia? (Metetheria)
A
Marsupial moles
19
Q
Dasyuromorphia? (Metatheria)
A
Quolls, dunnarts
20
Q
Microbiotheria? (metatheria)
A
Monito del monte
21
Q
Diprotodontia? (Metatheria)
A
kangaroos, koalas, possums
22
Q
Proboscidea? (Eutherian)
A
elephants
23
Q
Hyracoidea? (Eutheria)
A
hyraxes
24
Q
Sirenia? (Eutheria)
A
dugongs, manatees
25
Tubulidentata? (Eutheria)
aardvark
26
Macroscelidea? (Eutheria)
elephant shrews
27
Afrosoricida? (Eutherian)
golden moles, tenrecs
28
Xenarthra? (eutherian)
anteaters, sloths, armadillos
29
Eulipotyphla? (eutherian)
shrews, moles, hedgehogs
30
Chiroptera? (eutherian)
bats
31
Carnivora? (Eutherian)
cats, dogs, bears, seals, weasels
32
Perrisodactyla? (eutherian)
horses, rhinos, tapirs
33
Artiodactyla? (Eutherian)
deer, pigs, antelope, camels
34
Cetacea? (eutherian)
whales, dolphins
35
Scandentia? (eutherian)
tree shrews
36
Dermoptera? (eutherians)
colugos
37
Primates? (eutherian)
lemurs, monkeys, apes
38
Lagomorpha? (eutherian)
hares, rabbits, pikas
39
Rodentia? (eutherian)
mice, squirrels, capybara
40
Where are prototherians found?
restricted to Australia and New Guinea
41
Where are metatherians found?
Mostly in Australia and New Guinea, some in South America, few in North America
42
What Eutherians have the greatest number/species diversity?
rodentia
43
Zhe-Xi Luo?
Organismal Bio and U Chicago.
| early evolution of mammals, Mesozoic diversity, key mammalian innovations
44
Evolutionary trends in Mammalian dentition?
```
Heterodonty
triconodont molars
diphyodontia
tribosphenic molars
diastema
```
45
Heterodonty?
teeth varying in form and function
46
Triconodont Molars?
molars with 3 cusps arranged along anterior-posterior ridge
47
Diphyodontia?
replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth
48
Tribosphenic molars?
grinding and cutting;
term coined by GG simpson;
key mammal innovation during late Mesozoic and evolved independently
49
Diastema?
gap between adjacent teeth
50
Incisors in rodents and Lagomorpha?
chisels for hard food, arc shaped and ever growing
51
Incisors in Artiodactyla?
tape dispensers for vegetation, upper incisors absent
52
Incisors in Shrews (insectivora)?
Forceps for insects, project forward
53
Incisors in Vampire bats?
razor blades for cutting tissue
54
Cheek teeth types? (4)
- Bunodont
- Lophodont
- Selenodont
- Carnassial
55
Bunodont teeth?
- cheek teeth
rounded cusps
- ex. primates and pigs
56
Lophodont teeth?
Continuous ridges or lophs
| -ex. elephants, tapirs, rodents
57
Selenodont teeth?
isolated and crescent shaped ridges
| - ex. deer and antelope
58
Carnassial teeth?
scissor action for shearing flesh
| - ex. dogs and cats
59
elephant Tusks are incisors or canines?
incisors
60
narwhal tusks are incisors or canines?
incisors
61
Jukka Jernvall?
U of Helsinki
| - mammal palaeontology, evo-devo of mammals, studied mammal dentition, fossil records of primates
62
integument?
outer, boundary layer between animal and environment
63
Skin split into...?
Cutis and Subcutis
64
Cutis made up of..?
Epidermis and Dermis
65
Epidermis?
primarily keratinized cells, aneural and avascular, nourished by diffusion from the dermis
66
Dermis?
composed of collagen (provides strength), elastin (provides elasticity)
67
Subcutis or Hypodermis?
Lowermost layer of integument, composed primarily of loose connective tissue and fat lobules.
contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in dermis
68
Dermis composed of..?
papillary dermis and reticular dermis
69
Papillary Dermis?
sends papillae contained blood capillaries or tactile receptors into epidermis
70
Follicles
pits in skin where hair grows out of
71
sebaceous glands?
secrete oily substance
72
root?
base of hair that is sunk in skin
73
shaft of hair?
portion that emerges beyond the skin
74
hair shaft composed primarily of protein ..?
Keratin
75
Hair shaft composed on 3 layers called.?
cuticle, cortex and medulla
76
Cuticle of hair shaft?
outer layer; composed of scales arranged in taxa distinctive, overlapping patterns
77
Cortex of hair shaft?
middle layer, pigmented
78
Medulla of hair shaft?
centre of hair shaft, made of large cuboidal cells, distinctively coloured and interspersed with air pockets
79
guard hairs?
overlay fur and protect it
80
underfur?
beneath guard hairs and made of wool, fur and velli
81
Hair functions/used for?
Insulation, Vibrissae, quills and armour, coloration
82
"Naked Ape", hair loss drivers?
- body cooling hypothesis
- aquatic ape hypothesis
- reduced ectoparasite load hypothesis
- sexual selection hypothesis
83
Scholander?
U of Oslo, Air Force, Harvard, institution of Oceanography
| - hair as insulation on mammals, arctic research
84
What does pinna do?
localizes midsagittal sound
85
What do mobile pinnae permit?
- separation of visual and auditory concentration
- multiple sampling of acoustic objects
- separation of pinnae and non-pinnae components of ARF (Anatomical transfer function)
86
Anatomical Transer function (ATF)?
sounds coming from different directions are differentially scattered/filtered by pinnae and non-penal features
87
Eustachian Tube?
part of middle ear;
| communicates with throat to maintain equal pressure on either side of the tympanum
88
Middle Ear ossicles?
- part of middle ear
- composed on malleus, incus and stapes
- derived from articulation point of snapsid jaw
89
Acoustic Impedance Mismatch overcome by?
- ossicles connected in series and mechanically coupled to tympanum of outer ear and oval window of inner ear
- oval window much smaller than tympanum
90
Oval Window?
Part of inner ear;
| membrane that transmits sound waves from middle ear ossicles to cochlea
91
Cochlea?
part of inner ear;
| liquid filled tapered tube containing hair cell receptors for converting soon waves into electrical stimuli
92
Round window?
part of inner ear;
| membrane that dissipates pressure waves transmitted through the cochlea
93
Cochlear hair cells?
part of inner ear;
| translate mechanical sound wave into sensory stimulus
94
Echolocation?
process of emitting sounds and using the intro from returning echoes to sense the surrounding environment
95
Narrowband shallow FM?
allow precise tuning of auditory neutrons, ideal for detecting weak echoes from small, distant targets, limited precision target localization and characterization
96
Broadband steep FM?
sweep through the tuning areas of many auditory neutrons, ideal for accurate target localization and characterization, lack long range, weak each capacity of narrowband signals
97
Aerial foragers?
maximize range with longer, higher intensity (scream), lower freq., narrower band calls
98
Gleaners
maximize localization and characterization with short, low intensity (whisper), high frequency, wide band calls and by listening to passive prey noises
99
flutter-deleting foragers
use Dopler shifted reception of high duty cycles to characterize prey according to wing beat pattern
100
Brock Fenton
Canada's bat man
Western;
bat behaviour, ecology and evolution, echolocation
101
Olfaction?
sense of smell; chemoreception of molecules from distant sources
102
taste?
chemoreception of signals from material that is in direct contact with the receptive structure
103
Rostrum?
anterior portion of cranium
104
Proboscis?
long, flexible snout
105
Olfactory Neuroepithelium?
lines cartilaginous turbinates in upper regions of nasal cavity
106
olfactory receptor cells?
terminate in fine cilia that lie in thin mucus layer, 6-10 million present in neuroepithelium
107
olfactory receptors?
protein structure in cilia membrane that differentially bind odourant molecules, translate chemical signals to neural signals
108
Main Olfactory Epithelium used to?
find food, detect predators and prey, detect scent marks
109
Vomeronasal system?
detects pheromones
| extremely sensitive and highly specific
110
Bruce Effect?
newly mated female mice return to estrus if exposed to chemosignals of strange males prior to embryo plantation
111
Written effect?
female mice, rendered anestrus by group housing, initiate estrus in response to male chemosignals
112
Vandenberg effect?
acceleration of puberty in young female mice in response to male chemosignals
113
Pheromones?
chemical signals for infraspecific communication
| - can modify physiological state of receiver (primers) or modify probability of behavioural response (releasers)
114
Linda Buck?
Neurobio, Cancer research, studied mechanisms behind door perception and pheromone sensing in mammals
115
Allometry?
study of how biological phenomena vary according to body size
116
Allometry equations predict..?
predict variation in biological traits as function of body size
117
James Brown?
UCLA, U of New Mexico,
| H factor 115, allometry
