Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biomechanics Final > Manipulation and Mobilization > Flashcards

Manipulation and Mobilization Flashcards

1
Q

What are two biomechanical approaches to jiont assessment?

A

static and dynamic models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the static model to manipulation?

A

structure determines function- idea that alterations in the position of bones creates changes in mechanical and neurological function of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some limitations to the static model?

A

incorrect assessment from bony anomalies
faulty movement can occur even with good static alignment
may result in the wrong joint being assessed if the problem is elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some advantages of the static approach?

A

good in acute conditions when moving the body is painful

can be used in areas where limited motion exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the dynamic model to manipulation?

A

function more significant than structure and is determined by bony alignment as well as muscle and ligament alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some limitations to dynamic assessment?

A

lack of consistent interexaminer reliability
may overlook postural stresses
motion may be limited by disease
less helpful in acute conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are advantages to the dynamic assessment?

A

indentifies components that become dysfunctional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the naturopathic manipulative therapeutics approach?

A

integrates static (structural- eg. bone malposition) and dynamic (functional- eg. joint restriction) analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a joint dysfunction?

A

joint mechanics showing disturbances of function without structural or positional change- a subtle mechanical joint alteration affecting quality and ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a joint fixation?

A

an articulation that has become temporarily immobilized in a position that it would normally occupy during any phase of movement (either at rest or in movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is joint restriction?

A

limitation of movement in a dysfunctional joint.

eg: a vertebra that doesnt rotate right has a “right rotation restriction”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are three causes of joint dysfunction?

A 
mechanical (macro/microtrauma/postural)
chemical (toxin, hormonal, reflex interaction)
psychological stress (mental, emotional, psycho-somatic-visceral reflexes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does PARTS stand for?

A

Pain/Tenderness
Asymmetry of joint components (via palpation)
ROM
Tone, texture, temperature changes in soft tissue
Special tests/procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four steps in assessing joint dysfunction?

A

inspection/observation
palpation (static and motion palpation)
ROM (global, articular and end-feel)
Naming the joint dysfunction (static and motion listings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are things to look for during the inspection/observation when assessing joint dysfunction?

A

posture, gait

superficial (size, shapde, skin cuts, brusies, swelling, scars, moles, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is static palpation?

A

assessment of somatic structures in a neutral state.

soft tissues- muscle, tendon, ligament, bone, dermal and subdermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is motion palpation?

A

assessment of passive and active segmental joint ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 5 things to look for during motion palpation?

A 
quantity of movement (how far?)
quality of movement
joint play
end-feel
symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two ways of assessing global motion? What are they specific for?

A

goniometry (limited to extremity joints)

inclinometry (standard for spinal measurements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is active ROM?

A 
movement accomplished without outside assistance. the patient moves the part him/herself.
physiological movements (osteokinematics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is passive ROM?

A

movement which is carried out by the operator without conscious assistance or resistance by the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a physiological barrier?

A

the end point of active joint movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is joint play?

A

discrete, short range movement of a joint independent of the action of voluntary muscles, determined by springing a bone of an articulation in a neutral position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is end-feel/end-play?

A

discrete, short range movement of a joint independent of the action of voluntary muscles, determined by springing a bone of an articulation at the limit of its passive ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are three characteristics of articular ROM?
elastic barrier paraphysiological space anatomic limit
26
What is an elastic barrier?
the elastic resistance that is felt at the end of passive ROM. further motion toward the anatomic barrier may be induced passively by the practitioner
27
What is paraphysiological space?
the area of increased movement beyond the elastic barrier available after a cavitation within the joints elastic range
28
What is the anatomic limit?
the limit of anatomical integrity, limit of motion imposed by anatomical structures. forcing movement beyond this barrier would produce tissue damage (joint trauma)
29
What are 8 types of end-feel?
``` capsular, ligamentous soft tissue approximation bony muscular muscle spasm interarticular empty ```
30
What is capsular end-feel? give a normal and abnormal example
firm but giving, resistance builds with lengthening (like leather) normal : shoulder external rotation abnormal: capsular fibrosis/adhesions
31
What is ligamentous end-feel? give a normal and abnormal example
like capsular but may have a firmer quality normal: knee extension abnormal: resistance as a result of ligamentous shortening
32
What is soft-tissue approximation end-feel? give a normal and abnormal example.
giving, squeezing quality, typically painless normal: elbow flexion abnormal: muscle hypertrophy/soft tissue swelling
33
What is bony end-feel? give a normal and abnormal example.
hard, non-giving, abrupt stop normal: elbow extension abnormal: bony extosis, articular hypertrophic changes
34
What is muscular end-feel? give a normal example
firm but giving, builds with elongation. not as stiff as ligamentous or capsular normal:hip flexion
35
What is muscle spasm end-feel? give an abnormal example
guarded, resisted by muscle contraction- endfeel cannot be assessed. abnormal: protective muscle splinting as a result of joint or soft tissue disease or injury
36
What is interarticular end-feel? give and abnormal example
bouncy, springy quality | eg: meniscal tear/ joint mice
37
What is empty end-feel? give an example
normal endfeel resistance is missing | joint injury/disease leading to hypermobility or instability
38
What does the term "listing" mean?
a description of the manner in which the joint is dysfunctional- naming and recording abnormalities (can be either static or dynamic)
39
How do we list peripheral joints?
name the position of the most moveable bone
40
How do we list vertebrae?
name the upper vertebra relative to the lower one of the motion segment
41
How do we make a static listing?
based on static palpation and xray findings describe the position of the joint, uses 'malpositon' at the end of the phrase eg: "right lateral flexion malposition"
42
How do we make dynamic listings?
based on motion palpation and dynamic xrays determine the direction the joint will not move in, add the term restricted eg: right rotation restricted
43
What is manipulation?
passive joint movement for increasing joint mobility and reducing pain uses a high velocity, low amplitude thrust that is beyond patients control applied at the end of the elastic barrier into the paraphysiological space
44
What is mobilization?
passive joint movement for increasing ROM and decreasing pain. light force applied that a patient can stop, applied from resting position to the elastic barrier
45
How are the cervical facet joints oriented?
45 deg transverse, parallel to frontal
46
How are the thoracic facet joints oriented?
60 deg transverse, 20 degrees frontal
47
How are the lumbar facet joints oriented?
90 deg transverse, 90 deg frontal
48
What are three effects of mobilization?
neurophysiological, nutritional and mechanical
49
What are five motions used for mobilization?
roll, spin, slide/glide, distraction/traction, compression
50
If a convex surface is moving on a stationary concave surface, gliding occurs in the______ (same/opposite) direction of roll. mobilization is in the ________(same/opposite) direction of roll.
gliding occurs in the opposite direction | mobilization occurs in the same direction
51
If a concave joint is moving on a stationary convex surface, gliding occurs in the _________(same/opposite) direction of roll. mobilization occurs in the _________ (same/opposite) direction of roll.
gliding in the same direction, | mobilization occurs in the opposite direction
52
What are three general rules for mobilization techniques?
the patient must be relaxed the operator must be relaxed one hand will usually stabilize while the other hand performs the movement
53
What are three things that the operator must consider when doing mobilization techniques?
direction of movement velocity of movement (slow stretch for large capsules, faster oscillation for minor degree restrictions) amplitude of movement
54
In mobilization, which bone is stabilized, the proximal or distal one?
proximal bone
55
What is a Maitland Grade 1 oscillation? What is it used for?
small-amplitude movement at the beginning of ROM | used to manage pain and spasm
56
What is Maitland Grade 2 oscillation? What is it used for?
large-amplitude movement between beginning and mid ROM | used to manage pain and spasm
57
What is Maitland Grade 3 oscillation? What is it used for?
large-amplitude movement reaching limit of available ROM | used to increase ROM and decrease stiffness
58
What is Maitland Grade 4 oscillation? What is it used for?
small amplitude movement at end of available ROM | used to increase ROM and decrease stiffness
59
What is Maitland Grade 5 oscillation? What is it used for?
small amplitude, high-velocity thrust beyond end ROM | used to increase ROM, decrease pain and decrease stiffness
60
What are some (4) physiological effects of Grade 1-3 oscillations?
``` neurophysiological effect (muscle tone, axoplasmic flow) stimulate mechanoreceptors vascular effect mechanical effect (collagen, joint lubrication, neuromeningeal tissue) ```
61
What are some physiological effects of Grade 4 mobilization?
same as grade 1-3, with greater mechanical mobilizing effect enhanced joint lubrication
62
What are some physiological effects of Grade 5 mobilization?
``` as per Grades 1-4, with greater: mobilizing effect, neurophysiological effect, cavitation, enhanced joint lubrication ```
63
For Maitland oscillations, what is the recommended oscillations/second and # of sets of oscillations?
2-3 oscillations per second | 3-6 sets of oscillations
64
What is the recommended Maitland treatment for tightness (hypomobility) of a joint? Is this the same for Kaltenborn techniques?
20-60 seconds of oscillations Grades 3-4 3-4 times per week same for Kaltenborn technique
65
What is the recommended Maitland treatment for pain? | Is this the same for the kaltenborn technique?
1-2 minutes of oscillations Grades 1-2 treated daily same for kaltenborn technique
66
What should be treated first, pain or hypomobility?
pain
67
What is the Kaltenborn technique? What is it used for?
combines traction and mobilization, applied in a perpendicular plane. used to decrease pain or increase joint hypomobility
68
What is Grade 1 Kaltenborn traction? What does it do?
LOOSEN: neutralizes pressure in the joint without actual surface separation. produces pain relief by reducing compressive forces
69
What is Grade 2 Kaltenborn traction? What is it used for?
TIGHTEN/TAKE UP SLACK: separates articulating surfaces, taking up slack or eliminating play within joint capsule, up to tissue resistance. used initially to determine joint sensitivity
70
What is Grade 3 Kaltenborn traction? What is it used for?
STRETCH: involves stretching of soft tissue surrounding a joint past tissue resistance used to increase mobility
71
In the Kaltenborn technique, traction in applied _____ and gliding is applied ______ to the treatment plane (parallel/perpendicular).
traction is applied perpendicular | gliding is applied parallel
72
How might one use the kaltenborn technique?
Grade 1 to start, reduce chance of painful reaction 10 second intermittent Grade 2 traction distract with grade 3 and release allow for return to resting position
73
What are some contraindications to mobilization and manipulation?
malignancy, fracture/dislocation, active bone disease, acute inflammation, acute infection, acute arthritis, vertebral artery disease, ligamentous instability, cauda equina lesions, spinal cord lesions, multiple nerve root involvement, anticoagulant/steroid usage, congenital abnormalities

Biomechanics Final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions