Marine Protected Areas

Question 1

Marine reserves

Answer 1

Permanent protection from all anthropogenic threats

Question 2

Marine protected areas

Answer 2

Permanent protection from at least on anthropogenic effects

Question 3

Fishery closure

Answer 3

Close fishey at a particular area and particular tume

Question 4

Goal of MR & MPA

Answer 4

protect biodiversity & ecosystem

Question 5

Goal of fishery closure

Answer 5

Protect a particular sps
Recover of an exploited sps
Protect vulnerable life history stages

Question 6

What are the different conservation perspective

Answer 6

2 perspective
1- main issue is biodiversity
Main solution - MOA

Question 7

2 perspective

Answer 7

Main issue is - overfishing
Root issue is overcapitalization
Main solution is - better fishery management by providing incentives

Question 8

What are the 4 goals of MPA

Answer 8

Goal 1 - mantain target sps health
Goal 2 - recover exploited sps
Goal 3 - mainatain high yield
Goal 4 - biodiversity , ecosystem function & structure

Question 9

Goal 1 😄

Answer 9

Maintain heath by
- age and size
- behaviour
- genetic diversity
Reduce
- age truncation
- life history evolution by allowing older and larger fishes to survive that can reproduce

Question 10

Goal 2 - 😄

Answer 10

Recover & rebuild exploited pop

Question 11

Goal 3 - maintain inc yield 🫤

Answer 11

Sold by saying that once the population recovers its going to spill put
- only occurs if sps have a lower dispersion rate
- mpa is big enough for pop to build and over load
Lead to controversies

Question 12

Controversies of goal 3

Answer 12

Fishery scientist oppose mpa to maintain catches
Not true bcz fishery scientist understand the role of mpa to buffers fishery impact on biodiversity

Question 13

Goal 4

Answer 13

Protect vulnerable habitat
Protect ecosystems process
- Protect vulnerable pop to perevebt them from becoming ecologically extinct
-protect non target sps
Protect from management mistakes

Question 14

Canada status of mpa

Answer 14

Lagging behind
Canadian park & wilderness society - 14sci created scoence based guidlines on how to implement it

Press release shows -
MR > 30% of each habitat, prioritize ecology & group it with functional networks

Min size 10-20km

Question 15

How can it be enforced

Answer 15

Educate fishers on long term benefit

Question 16

Why is there low coverage of MPA & lower for MR

Answer 16

Challenges like
Size
Size placement
Enforcement

Question 17

Size (mobile and non mobile)

Answer 17

Mobile and non mobile
Mobile - seetimg mpa is easy, covering the area around them however mobile is difficult due to their kovement and high dispersal rate -> larger mpa

Question 18

Larger mpa

Answer 18

Cost effective and efficient -
Lower running , establishment &enforcement cost while
More eff to set few larger mpa

Question 19

Size placement (high & low fidelity)

Answer 19

High fidelity- easier to prptect
- conc on areas that affect their life stage eg spawning ground
- eliminate dangers from sites
Low fidelity- complex strategies required
- 2 problems

Question 20

2 problems in low fodelity

Answer 20

Determining moving habitats
Communicating with stakeholders

Question 21

Solution to the 2 challenges of low fidelity

Answer 21

Technology

Question 22

Technology of challenges 1

Answer 22

Animal born tags- identify habitats and behaviour
Vessel monitoring- 2 way communication
Remotely sensed satellite data- cheap , global convert and updated

Question 23

Challenge 2 technology

Answer 23

Vessel monitoring sys
2 way communication leads to exchange of information

Question 24

Examples of size placement

Answer 24

Turtle watch program
Gathered information from all other techs , created a map that helped guided fishers and save loggerhead turtles updated daily

Question 25

Example 2 of size placement Stellwagon bank national marine santuary

Answer 25

use of mandatory ship reporting and hydrophones in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary to reduce ship strikes on baleen whales by communicating through vessels and inform about their presence and advising speed reductions, with updates provided daily on a website.

Question 26

Enforcemnet

Answer 26

1- observer program 2- radar & acoustic monitoring 3- vessels monitoring sys

Question 27

Enforcement human dimensions

Answer 27

Clear boundari3s - shifting boundaries are diff to apply for fishers Support by fishers and community Equity among stakeholders- unfair, dec compliance-> difficulty

Question 28

How can we get the support of fishermans

Answer 28

- Short term neg impacts -> lomg term pos impacts - Ownership & co-management - Clearly state sci based goals for long term sustainability & fisher support - phases in mr can reduce cost of fisherman and inc fisherman support - adaptive mangement

Question 29

Better Fisheries Management in area surrounding MPA

Answer 29

health and status of surrounding area - as important as the MPA ○ MPA-focus → risk neglecting management of non-MPA areas ○ Continue: gear modifications, better fisheries management (e.g., catch shares), inv sps protection, climate change e.t.c