Mass and balance

Question 1

Basic empty mass

Answer 1

Includes airframe, engine , fixed equipment, unusable fuel, full oil and other items necessary for all flights.

Question 2

Empty mass

Answer 2

Uses undrainable oil instead of full oil

Question 3

ZFM (Zero fuel mass)

Answer 3

The gross mass of the plane including pilot, payload and ballast but excluding usable fuel

Question 4

GM

Answer 4

Gross mass, the total mass at a particular time. It is the basic mass plus pilot, payload, passengers, ballast plus fuel.

Question 5

MTOM

Answer 5

Maximum take off mass (structual)

Question 6

tom

Answer 6

take of mass

Question 7

MLM

Answer 7

maximum landing mass (structural)

Question 8

LM

Answer 8

landing mass

Question 9

Maximum ramp mass

Answer 9

Maximum gross mass permitted prior to taxiing. It may exceed the MTOM becuase fuel is burnt in the taxi

Question 10

In short runways, high obstacles, high density altitude, high pressure altitude: (regarding MTOM)

Answer 10

The performance-limited take-off mass can be less than MTOM

Question 11

Performance limited landing mass

Answer 11

Short runways, high density, wind or slope, may limit the landing mass to be less than MLM

Question 12

A regulated mass

Answer 12

the lower of maximum structural mass and performance limited mass

Question 13

RTOM

Answer 13

Regulated take off mass

Question 14

An overweight plane will have:
- stalling speed
- takeoff speed
- climb performance
- landing speed
- braking
- manourverability
- takeoff run
- fuel consumption
- range
- landing distance

Answer 14

Higher stall speed, higher take off speed
Less climb perforamnce
Higher landing speed
Braking requires more force
Less manourverability
Higher take off run
Higher fuel consumption
Less range
Higher landing distance

Question 15

1kg to lb

Answer 15

2.2lb

Question 16

Avgas 100LL has a mass of

Answer 16

0.75kg

Question 17

Oil has a mass of

Answer 17

0.90 - 0.96

Question 18

PLTOM

Answer 18

Performance limited take off mass

Question 19

PLM

Answer 19

Performoance limited landing mass

Question 20

The turning moment of a force depends on two things:

Answer 20

The size of the force * moment arm

Question 21

Datum

Answer 21

A reference point which everything is measured from (the arm length)

Question 22

The position of the datum affects / not affects the balance?

Answer 22

Does not affect

Question 23

Index units regarding mass and balance can be:

Answer 23

Pounds and inches, or kg and millimeters

Question 24

Whats the moment of a 200kg force acting 300mm from the datum.

Answer 24

200 * 300 = 60,000 kg.mm

Question 25

60,000 kg.mm to index units

Answer 25

60 index units

Question 26

How much is 1 IU ? (index unit)

Answer 26

1000 kg.mm

Question 27

Why is there more pitch stability (regarding the tailplane) with more forward CG

Answer 27

The arm is longer

Question 28

How to calculate CG point?

Answer 28

Adding all masses together, adding all MOMENTS together. We can then calculate the arm which is the CG position from the datum