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Biology > Mass Transport > Flashcards

Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

How does size affect the need for a transport system

A

Oxygen and nutrients diffusing in from the outside will be used up by the outer layers of the cell and not reach the cells deeper within the body

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2
Q

How does SA: Vol ratio affect the need for a transport system

A

With increasing size, the surface area to volume ration decreases to a point where the needs of the organism cannot be met without specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems

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3
Q

How does level of activity affect the need for a transport system

A

If an animal is very active, its cells need good supplies of nutrients and oxygen to be able to release energy by respiration,
Animals than maintain a constant body temperature need even more energy

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4
Q

What does a good transport system have

A

Has a pump, vessels and a fluid to transport the materials needed around the body
Has exchange surfaces to load substances into the transport system and to remove then where required
Is adaptable to cope with changes in demand

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5
Q

Why is the transport system in humans good

A

It only has to pass through one capillary network before returning to the heart, these significantly reduce the pressure and speed so not having to go through two (like in single circulatory systems) is an advantage
Also because the blood returns to the heart, it can be pumped around the rest of the body at high pressure and speed

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6
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Blood flows from the heart to the gills where it is oxygenated then to the rest of the body to distribute the oxygen then back to the heart

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7
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Blood flows to the lungs to be oxygenated then back to the heart which pumps it around the rest of the body to distribute the oxygen and is then pumped back to the heart,

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8
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

The system that pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart,

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9
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

The system that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body to distribute the oxygen and pumps it back to the heart,

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10
Q

What are the names of the blood vessels associated with the heart, lungs and kidneys

A

Coronary, Pulmonary, Renal

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11
Q

What is affinity

A

The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

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12
Q

What is dissociation

A

The splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms or ions, especially by a reversible process (letting the oxygen go)

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13
Q

What is an erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell

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14
Q

What is a Haem group

A

An iron group

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15
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Red pigment that transports oxygen- made from 4 polypeptide chains

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16
Q

What is oxygen tension or partial pressure

A

Measure of the concentration of oxygen in the environment around haemoglobin

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17
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin

A

A complex protein with four subunits called haem groups, Each subunit consists of a single iron ion in the form of Fe2+, The iron can attract and hold an oxygen molecule (has an affinity for oxygen)

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18
Q

What are the four polypeptide chains in a haemoglobin

A

two alpha and two beta chains

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19
Q

When does oxygen enter and leave red blood cells

A

In the lungs oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma, enters the red blood cells and are taken up by the haemoglobin,
In the body tissues, cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin must release the oxygen (dissociation)

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20
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The concentration of oxygen in a mixture of gases

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21
Q

What happens at low partial pressure of oxygen

A

The haemoglobin does not easily take up oxygen as the structure makes it difficult,

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22
Q

What happens once one oxygen molecule joins the haemoglobin

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A

Even at low partial pressure the oxygen causes the Hb to change shape slightly, making the remaining three oxygen molecules easier to attach,
This causes the dissociation curve to become steeper

23
Q

What happens at high partial pressures of oxygen

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A

It becomes more difficult for the fourth oxygen molecule to attach because three out of four binding site are occupied,
This causes the oxygen dissociation curve to level off

24
Q

What is the Bohr Shift

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A
  1. Low level of carbon dioxide in the lungs
  2. pH of blood becomes less acidic as less carbon dioxide
  3. Haemoglobin shape is change by the pH so it has a high affinity for oxygen
  4. lots of oxygen binds and is transported
  5. There is now a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissues due to cellular respiration
  6. pH of blood becomes more acidic due to more carbon dioxide
  7. The pH alters the shape of the haemoglobin so it has a low affinity for oxygen
  8. Oxygen dissociated from haemoglobin and is used in respiration
25
How is foetal haemoglobin different to adult
Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult Hb, which makes it possible for the foetus to take oxygen from its mothers blood, (the curve would be to the left of the adult Hb)
26
What factors alter the affinity of Hb for oxygen
Genetic code, CO2 concentration (more= lower affinity) Temperature Concentration of oxygen Oxygen molecules already bound to the haemoglobin
27
Will an organism living in a low oxygen environment have Hb with a higher or lower affinity for oxygen
Higher to take up more CO2
28
What type of organism will benefit from Hb with a lower affinity for O2
Very active with a high metabolic rate so more O2 is supplied to respiring tissue
29
What is the cardiac cycle
The series of events that take place in one heartbeat
30
What is Diastole
When the atria and ventricle are relaxed
31
What is Systole
When the atria contracts and the ventricle stays relaxed, then the ventricle contracts and the atria relaxes
32
When are the atrioventricular valves open
When pressure is higher in the atrium than in the ventricle
33
What happens when the atrioventricular valves are open
Blood will flow from the atrium to the ventricle
34
When do the atrioventricular valves close
When pressure in the ventricle is higher than in the atrium, preventing backflow of blood into the atrium
35
When is the semilunar valve open
When pressure is higher in the atrium than the ventricle
36
What happens when the semilunar valve is open
blood will flow from the atrium to the ventricle
37
When does the semilunar valve close
When pressure in the artery is higher than in the ventricle, preventing backflow of blood
38
What is the endothelium
A one cell thick layer found on the inner walls of the heart and lymphatic vessels
39
What is the lumen
The space in blood vessels where blood passes through
40
What is the smooth muscle
A type of tissue found in the walls of arteries and veins, it maintains blood pressure and flow by contracting and relaxing
41
Why does blood pressure decrease as it reaches the capillaries
As the arteries branch into capillaries the volume increases so there is the same amount of blood but with more volume so the pressure decreases
42
What does blood contain
Blood cells in a watery fluid called plasma, Many dissolved substance like oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones and plasma proteins
43
What does tissue fluid contain
No blood cells or plasma proteins, Contains oxygen and nutrients to transport from blood to cells and carbon dioxide and other wastes back to the blood
44
What does the lymph contain
The same solutes as tissue fluid but less oxygen and fewer nutrients (more carbon dioxide and other wastes) Also has fatty materials that have been absorbed from the intestines
45
What is oncotic pressure
Plasma proteins are hydrophilic so lower the water potential of the blood plasma so there is a tendency from water to move back into the blood by osmosis
46
How is tissue fluid formed
At the arterial end of the capillary the blood is under high pressure (Higher hydrostatic pressure) which forces blood fluid and small molecules out of the capillaries, Red blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood as they are too large, Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion and facilitated diffusion
47
How does tissue fluid move back into the blood
At the venous end the hydrostatic pressure is lower and the oncotic pressure is still high so water moves back in by osmosis
48
How is lymph formed
Some tissue fluid is drained into the lymphatic system to prevent tissues filling up with too much fluid, Lymph vessels are similar to capillaries in structure. They start in the tissues and drain the excess fluid into larger vessels, which eventually region the blood system in the veins,
49
What is atheroma
When a fatty deposit forms within the wall of an artery, They can bulge into the lumen of the artery, causing it to narrow so that the blood flow through it is reduced
50
What is Thrombosis
If an atheroma breaks through the lining of the blood vessel, platelets are transported to the damaged part of the wall forming a thrombus This may reduce the supply of blood to the tissues beyond it and the tissue may die, Sometimes the thrombus is carried from its place of origin to block another artery
51
What is an aneurysm
Atheroma that lead to the formation of a thrombus also weaken the artery walls, These weakened points swell to form a balloon like, blood filled structure
52
What is the difference between CVD and CHD
CVD is the narrowing of the arteries, CHD is specific to heart tissues
53
What are some risk factors for CHD
A diet high in saturated fats, and salts, Smoking and High blood pressure
54
How is smoking a risk factor
It increases your risk of high blood pressure, The carbon monoxide in cigarettes reduces the amount of oxygen that the haemoglobin can carry which increases the risk of a heart attack as cells can die without oxygen

Biology (11 decks)

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