Organelle Structure (+viruses and bacteria) Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is a virus
An infectious agent
Acellular
Smaller and simpler than cells
Can only replicate inside cells of living organisms
What is the structure of a virus
Capsid- protein protecting genetic info
Genetic material- DNA or RNA
Envelope- outer phospholipid layer
Glycoproteins- help viruses bind to host cells
Enzymes
How does a virus replicate
- Binds to receptor proteins on host cell using attachment proteins
- Injects its DNA/RNA into the host cell
- Uses the host’s machinery to replicate viral particles
- New particles burst out of the host cell
What is the structure of mitochondria
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cristae- folded membrane
Matrix- filled with enzyme rich liquid
Ribosomes
What is the function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
What is the structure of a ribosome
Contains a large and a small subunit
Very small
Not surrounded by a membrane
What is the function of a ribosome
To synthesise proteins
What is the structure of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores- exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleolus- synthesis and assembly of ribosomes
What is the function of the nucleus
Stores genetic information as chromosomes
Controls the cells activities
Ribosome synthesis
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus
Cisterna- fluid filled, membrane bound sacks
Golgi vesicles
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Processes, packages, stores and transports lipids and proteins,
Synthesises lysosomes
What is the structure of a lysosome
Round with no clear internal structure
Contain lysozymes- hydrolytic digestive enzymes
Surrounded by a membrane
What is the function of a lysosome
Digest pathogens- using enzymes
Break down waste material- including old organelles and cells
What is the structure of the cell wall
Made of cellulose
Plasmodesmata- channels in the wall, connect neighbouring cells for substance exchange
What is the function of the cell wall
Supports the cell
Prevents the cell from bursting- withstand high osmotic pressure
Allows exchange of substances between cells
What is the chloroplast structure
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid- fluid filled sacks
Granum- thylakoid stacks
Lamella- thylakoid bridges
Stroma- space
Starch grain
DNA
Ribosomes
What is the chloroplast function
The site of photosynthesis which happens in the grana and stroma
What is the vacuole structure
Tonoplast- selectively permeable membrane
Cell sap- solution of salts and sugars
What is the vacuole function
Maintain pressure within the cell, stops the plant from wilting
How are algal cells similar to plant cells
Same organelles
Different shaped chloroplasts
How are fungal cells similar to plant cells
Most of the organelles
No chloroplasts
Cell wall made of chitin rather than cellulose
What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of
Murein
What do some prokaryotes have that eukaryotes don’t
Capsule- extra layer around the cell wall, protects from antibiotics or white blood cells
Flagellum- rotates to push cell
Pili- like hair, attaches cell to other surfaces and cells
